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HT45R22E Remote Type 8-bit OTP MCU with EEPROM
Features
CPU Features
* Operating voltage: * Table read instructions * 63 powerful instructions * 4-level subroutine nesting * Bit manipulation instruction * Low voltage reset function * 20/24-pin SOP package types
fSYS= 4MHz: 2.2V~3.6V
* Program Memory: 4K15 * Data Memory: 1288 * Embedded 10248 EEPROM * Up to 1ms instruction cycle with 4MHz system clock
at VDD= 3V
* Idle/Sleep mode and wake-up functions to reduce
Peripheral Features
* Up to 22 bidirectional I/O lines * Software controlled 4-SCOM lines LCD COM driver
power consumption
* Oscillator types:
with 1/2 bias
* External interrupt input shared with an I/O line * Two 8-bit programmable Timer/Event Counter with
External high freuency Crystal -- HXT External RC -- ERC Internal high frequency RC -- HIRC External low frequency crystal -- LXT Internal low frequency RC -- LIRC
* Four operational modes: Normal, Slow, Idle, Sleep * Fully integrated internal 4095kHz oscillator requires
overflow interrupt and prescaler
* Time-Base function * Programmable Frequency Divider - PFD shared
with I/O line
* Two integrated operational amplifiers with interrupt
no external components
* Watchdog Timer function * LIRC oscillator function for watchdog timer * All instructions executed in one or two instruction
function - one with programmable gain control
* Single comparator with interrupt and low power
consumption
cycles
General Description
The device is an 8-bit high performance, RISC architecture microcontrollers specifically designed for operational amplifier applications. The usual Holtek microcontroller features of low power consumption, I/O flexibility, timer functions, oscillator options, internal comparator, internal operational amplifiers, power down and wake-up functions, watchdog timer and low voltage reset, combine to provide the device with a wide range of functional options while still maintaining a high level of cost effectiveness. The fully integrated system oscillator HIRC, which requires no external components and which has three frequency selections, opens up a huge range of new application possibilities for this device, some of which may include remote control appliances, car reversing systems, level meters, consumer products, household appliances subsystem controllers, etc.
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Block Diagram
The following block diagram illustrates the main functional blocks.
T im in g G e r n e r a tio n LCD SCOM PFD D r iv e r I/O P o rts 8 - b it R IS C MCU C o re
O P A x2, C o m p a ra to rx 1
EEPROM 1024x8
T im e r
T im e B ase
R O M ,R AM M e m o ry
Pin Assignment
P A 4 /T C 1 /A 0 P P A 4 /T C 1 /A 0 P 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 P A 3 /IN T /A 0 N P A 2 /T C 0 /A 0 X P A 1 /P F D /A 1 X P A 0 /P F D /A 1 N P C 6 /A 1 P P C 7 /C P P C 0 /C N P C 1 /C X P B 0 /S C O M 0 /W P 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 H T45R 22E 2 0 S O P -A VSS VDD P A 5 /O S C 2 P A 6 /O S C 1 P A 7 /R E S PC5 PC4 P B 3 /S C O M 3 P B 2 /S C O M 2 /S D A P B 1 /S C O M 1 /S C L P A 3 /IN T /A 0 N P A 2 /T C 0 /A 0 X P A 1 /P F D /A 1 X P A 0 /P F D /A 1 N P C 6 /A 1 P P C 7 /C P P C 0 /C N P C 1 /C X P B 0 /S C O M 0 /W P P B 1 /S C O M 1 /S C L P B 2 /S C O M 2 /S D A 9 10 11 12 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 VSS VDD P A 5 /O S C 2 P A 6 /O S C 1 P A 7 /R E S PC5 PC4 PC3 PC2 PB5 PB4 P B 3 /S C O M 3
H T45R 22E 2 4 S O P -A
Note: Bracketed pin names indicate non-default pinout remapping locations.
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Pin Description
Pin Name Function PA0 PA0/PFD/A1N PFD A1N PA1 PA1/PFD/A1X PFD A1X PA2 PA2/TC0/A0X TC0 A0X PA3 PA3/INT/A0N INT A0N PA4 PA4/TC1/A0P TC1 A0P PA5 PA5/OSC2 OSC2 PA6 PA6/OSC1 OSC1 PA7 PA7/RES RES PB0 PB0/SCOM0/WP SCOM0 WP PB1 PB1/SCOM1/SCL SCOM1 SCL PB2 PB2/SCOM2/SDA SCOM2 SDA PB3 PB3/SCOM3 SCOM3 PB4, PB5 PBn SCOMC PBPU CO PBPU SCOMC 3/4 PBPU SCOMC 3/4 PBPU SCOMC 3/4 PBPU ST ST 3/4 ST ST 3/4 ST ST 3/4 ST ST 3/4 ST OPT PAPU PAWK CTRL0 I/T ST 3/4 O/T Description
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up and wake-up. CMOS PFD output 3/4 OPA1 inverting input pin
COPA3C OPAI PAPU PAWK CTRL0 COPA3C PAPU PAWK 3/4 COPA3C PAPU PAWK 3/4 ST 3/4 3/4 ST ST 3/4 ST ST
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up and wake-up. CMOS Complementary PFD output OPAO OPA1 output pin
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up and wake-up. 3/4 OPAO External Timer 0 clock input OPA0 output pin
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up and wake-up. 3/4 3/4 External interrupt input OPA0 inverting input pin
COPA3C OPAI PAPU PAWK 3/4 ST ST
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up and wake-up. 3/4 3/4 External Timer 1 clock input OPA0 non-inverting input pin
COPA3C OPAI PAPU PAWK CO PAPU PAWK CO PAWK ST 3/4 ST OSC ST
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up and wake-up. OSC Oscillator pin
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up and wake-up. 3/4 Oscillator pin
NMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled wake-up. 3/4 Reset input
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up. SCOM Software controlled 1/2 bias LCD COM 3/4 EEPROM write protect pin
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up. SCOM Software controlled 1/2 bias LCD COM 3/4 EEPROM serial clock input pin
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up. SCOM Software controlled 1/2 bias LCD COM 3/4 EEPROM serial data pin
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up. SCOM Software controlled 1/2 bias LCD COM CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up.
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Pin Name Function PC0 PC0/CN CN PC1 PC1/CX CX PC2~PC5 PCn PC6 PC6/A1P A1P PC7 PC7/CP CP VDD VSS VDD VSS OPT PCPU PCWK I/T ST O/T Description
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up and wake-up. 3/4 Comparator inverting input pin
COPA3C CMPI PCPU PCWK COPA2C PCPU PCWK PCPU PCWK ST 3/4 ST ST
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up and wake-up. CMPO Comparator output pin CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up and wake-up. CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up and wake-up. 3/4 OPA1 non-inverting input pin
COPA3C OPAI PCPU PCWK ST
CMOS General purpose I/O. Register enabled pull-up and wake-up. 3/4 3/4 3/4 Comparator non-inverting input pin Power supply Ground
COPA3C CMPI 3/4 3/4 PWR PWR
Note:
I/T: Input type O/T: Output type OPT: Optional by configuration option (CO) or register option PWR: Power CO: Configuration option ST: Schmitt Trigger input CMOS: CMOS output SCOM: Software controlled LCD COM HXT: High frequency crystal oscillator LXT: Low frequency crystal oscillator OPAI: Operational Amplifier input OPAO: Operational Amplifier output CMPI: Comparator input CMPO: Comparator output
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Supply Voltage ...........................VSS-0.3V to VSS+4.0V Input Voltage..............................VSS-0.3V to VDD+0.3V IOL Total ..............................................................100mA Total Power Dissipation .....................................500mW Storage Temperature ............................-50C to 125C Operating Temperature...........................-20C to 70C IOH Total............................................................-100mA
Note: These are stress ratings only. Stresses exceeding the range specified under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause substantial damage to the device. Functional operation of this device at other conditions beyond those listed in the specification is not implied and prolonged exposure to extreme conditions may affect device reliability.
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D.C. Characteristics
Test Conditions Symbol VDD IDD1 IDD2 IDD3 ISTB1 ISTB2 ISTB3 VIL1 VIH1 VIL2 VIH2 VLVR IOH IOL1 IOL2 RPH Parameter VDD Operating Voltage Operating Current (HXT, ERC) Operating Current (HIRC) Operating Current (HIRC + LXT, Slow Mode) Standby Current (LIRC On, LXT Off) Standby Current (LIRC Off, LXT Off) Standby Current (LIRC Off, LXT On, LXTLP=1) Input Low Voltage for I/O, TCn and INT Input High Voltage for I/O, TCn and INT Input Low Voltage (RES) Input High Voltage (RES) Low Voltage Reset I/O Port Source Current I/O Port Sink Current (PA, PB, PC) PA7 Sink Current Pull-high Resistance (I/O) 3/4 3V 3V 3V 3V 3V 3V 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3V 3V 3V 3V VLVR=2.10V VOH=0.9VDD VOL=0.1VDD VOL=0.1VDD 3/4 SCOMC, ISEL[1:0]=00 ISCOM SCOMC, ISEL[1:0]=01 SCOM Operating Current 3V SCOMC, ISEL[1:0]=10 SCOMC, ISEL[1:0]=11 VSCOM VDD/2 Voltage for LCD COM 3V No load 70 140 0.475 0.665 No load 0.475 0.995 No load -5 100 200 0.500 0.700 0.500 0.100 130 260 0.525 0.735 0.525 0.105 +5 Conditions fSYS=4MHz No load, fSYS=4MHz No load, fSYS=4095kHz No load, fSYS=32768Hz (LVR disabled, LXTLP=1) No load, system HALT No load, system HALT No load, system HALT 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 2.2 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 0 0.7VDD 0 0.9VDD 1.98 -2 4 2 20 17.5 35 3/4 0.8 0.8 5 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 2.10 -4 8 3 60 25.0 50 3.6 1.2 2.1 10 5 1 5 0.3VDD VDD 0.4VDD VDD 2.22 3/4 3/4 3/4 100 32.5 65 V mA mA mA mA mA mA V V V V V mA mA mA kW mA mA mA mA VDD VDD VDD VDD % Min. Typ. Max. Unit Ta=25C
VOPBIAS
OPA/Comparator bias voltage deviation (Bias=0.7/0.5/0.1VDD 3V selected by A1PS[2:0], A0PS[2:0], CPS[2:0] bits) OPA1 Gain deviation (Software gain controlled by A1G[2:0]) 3V
GOP
Note: The standby current (ISTB1~ISTB3) and IDD4 are measured with all I/O pins in input mode and tied to VDD.
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EEPROM - D.C. Characteristics Test Conditions Symbol Parameter VCC VCC ICC1 ICC2 VIL VIH VOL ILI ILO ISTB1 ISTB2 CIN COUT Operating Voltage Operating Current Operating Current Input Low Voltage Input High Voltage Output Low Voltage Input Leakage Current Output Leakage Current Standby Current Standby Current Input Capacitance (See Note) Output Capacitance (See Note) 3/4 3V 3V 3/4 3/4 2.4V 3V 3V 3V 2.4V 3/4 3/4 Conditions Ta=0C~70C Ta=-20C~70C Read at 100kHz Write at 100kHz 3/4 3/4 IOL=2.1mA VIN=0 or VCC VOUT=0 or VCC VIN=0 or VCC VIN=0 or VCC f=1MHz 25C f=1MHz 25C 2.2 2.4 3/4 3/4 -1 0.7VCC 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3.6 3.6 2 5 0.3VCC VCC+0.5 0.4 1 1 5 4 6 8 V V mA mA V V V mA mA mA mA pF pF Min. Typ. Max. Unit Ta=25C
Note: These parameters are periodically sampled but not 100% tested
A.C. Characteristics
Test Conditions Symbol fSYS Parameter VDD System Clock 3/4 3V 3V fHIRC System Clock (HIRC) Conditions 2.2V~3.6V Ta=25C Ta=0C~70C 32 -2% -5% -8% -12% -2% -5% -7% -11% 3/4 0 3/4 3/4 5.0 1 3/4 4095 4095 4095 4095 4 4 4 4 32768 3/4 10.0 3/4 4095 +2% +5% +8% +12% +2% +5% +7% +11% 3/4 4095 15.0 3/4 Min. Typ. Max.
Ta=25C Unit kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz MHz MHz MHz MHz Hz kHz kHz ms
2.2V~ Ta=0C~70C 3.6V 2.2V~ Ta=-20C~70C 3.6V 3V 3V Ta=25C, R=120kW * Ta=0C~70C, R=120kW * Ta=-20C~70C, R=120kW *
fERC
System Clock (ERC)
3V
2.2V~ Ta=-20C~70C, 3.6V R=120kW * fLXT fTIMER fLIRC tRES System Clock (LXT) Timer Input Frequency (TCn) LIRC Oscillator External Reset Low Pulse Width 3/4 3/4 3V 3/4 2.2V~3.6V 3/4
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Ta=25C Test Conditions Symbol Parameter VDD tSST 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 Conditions For HXT/LXT System Start-up time Period For ERC/IRC (By configuration option) 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 1 0.25 3/4 1024 2 3/4 1 100 3/4 3/4 3/4 2 3/4 tSYS tSYS ms ms ms Min. Typ. Max. Unit
tINT tLVR RESTD Note:
Interrupt Pulse Width Low Voltage Width to Reset Reset Delay Time
1. tSYS=1/fSYS 2. * For fERC, as the resistor tolerance will influence the frequency a precision resistor is recommended. 3. To maintain the accuracy of the internal HIRC oscillator frequency, a 0.1mF decoupling capacitor should be connected between VDD and VSS and located as close to the device as possible.
EEPROM - A.C. Characteristics Standard Mode* Symbol fSK tHIGH tLOW tr tf tHD:STA tSU:STA tHD:DAT tSU:DAT tSU:STO tAA tBUF Parameter Clock Frequency Clock High Time Clock Low Time SDA and SCL Rise Time SDA and SCL Fall Time START Condition Hold Time START Condition Setup Time Data Input Hold Time Data Input Setup Time STOP Condition Setup Time Output Valid from Clock Bus Free Time Input Filter Time Constant (SDA and SCL Pins) Write Cycle Time Note Note After this period the first clock pulse is generated Only relevant for repeated START condition 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 Time in which the bus must be free before a new transmission can start Noise suppression time 3/4 Remark Min. 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 4000 4700 3/4 3/4 4000 4000 0 200 4000 3/4 4700 Max. 100 3/4 3/4 1000 300 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3500 3/4 VCC=3V10% Min. 3/4 600 1200 3/4 3/4 600 600 0 100 600 3/4 1200 Max. 400 3/4 3/4 300 300 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 900 3/4 kHz ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Unit
tSP tWR
3/4 3/4
100 5
3/4 3/4
50 5
ns ms
Notes: These parameters are periodically sampled but not 100% tested * The standard mode means VCC=2.2V to 3.6V For relative timing, refer to timing diagrams
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Power-on Reset Characteristics
Test Conditions Symbol VPOR RRVDD tPOR
V
DD
Parameter VDD VDD Start Voltage to Ensure Power-on Reset VDD raising rate to Ensure Power-on Reset Minimum Time for VDD Stays at VPOR to Ensure Power-on Reset 3/4 3/4 3/4 Conditions 3/4 3/4 3/4
Min. 3/4 0.035 1
Typ. 3/4 3/4 3/4
Max.
Unit
100 3/4 3/4
mV V/ms ms
tP
OR
RR
VDD
V
POR
T im e
Comparator Amplifier Characteristics
Test Conditions Symbol Parameter VDD Conditions CPCS[1:0]=00B ICOMP SCOM Operating Current 3V CPCS[1:0]=01B CPCS[1:0]=10B VOS VCM Comparator Input Offset Voltage Comparator Common Mode Voltage Range Comparator Response Time (With 10mV overdrive) 3V 3/4 3V tPD 3V 3/4 3/4 3/4 CPCS[1:0]=00B CPCS[1:0]=01B CPCS[1:0]=10B 3/4 3/4 3/4 -10 0 3/4 3/4 3/4 200 5 1 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 300 10 2 10 VDD-1.4V 2 60 400 mA mA mA mV V ms ms ms Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Operational Amplifier Characteristics
Test Conditions Symbol Parameter VDD Power Down Current VOPOS1 VOPOS2 VCM PSRR CMRR SR GBW Input Offset Voltage Input Offset Voltage Common Mode Voltage Range Power Supply Rejection Ratio Common Mode Rejection Ratio Slew Rate +, Slew Rate Gain Band Width 3V 3V 3V 3/4 3V 3V 3V 3V Conditions 3/4 Without calibration, OPOF[3:0]=1000B By Calibration 3/4 3/4 VCM=0~VDD-1.4V No load RL=1M, CL=100p 3/4 -15 -4 VSS 60 60 1.8 500 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 80 80 2.5 3/4 0.1 15 4 VDD-1.4V 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 mA mV mV V dB dB V/ms kHz Min. Typ. Max. Unit
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System Architecture
A key factor in the high-performance features of the Holtek range of microcontrollers is attributed to the internal system architecture. The range of devices take advantage of the usual features found within RISC microcontrollers providing increased speed of operation and enhanced performance. The pipelining scheme is implemented in such a way that instruction fetching and instruction execution are overlapped, hence instructions are effectively executed in one cycle, with the exception of branch or call instructions. An 8-bit wide ALU is used in practically all operations of the instruction set. It carries out arithmetic operations, logic operations, rotation, increment, decrement, branch decisions, etc. The internal data path is simplified by moving data through the Accumulator and the ALU. Certain internal registers are implemented in the Data Memory and can be directly or indirectly addressed. The simple addressing methods of these registers along with additional architectural features ensure that a minimum of external components is required to provide a functional I/O control system with maximum reliability and flexibility. Clocking and Pipelining The main system clock, derived from either a Crystal/ Resonator or RC oscillator is subdivided into four internally generated non-overlapping clocks, T1~T4. The Program Counter is incremented at the beginning of the T1 clock during which time a new instruction is fetched. The remaining T2~T4 clocks carry out the decoding and execution functions. In this way, one T1~T4 clock cycle forms one instruction cycle. Although the fetching and execution of instructions takes place in consecutive instruction cycles, the pipelining structure of the microcontroller ensures that instructions are effectively executed in one instruction cycle. The exception to this are instructions where the contents of the Program Counter are changed, such as subroutine calls or jumps, in which case the instruction will take one more instruction cycle to execute. For instructions involving branches, such as jump or call instructions, two instruction cycles are required to complete instruction execution. An extra cycle is required as the program takes one cycle to first obtain the actual jump or call address and then another cycle to actually execute the branch. The requirement for this extra cycle should be taken into account by programmers in timing sensitive applications.
O s c illa to r C lo c k ( S y s te m C lo c k ) P h a s e C lo c k T 1 P h a s e C lo c k T 2 P h a s e C lo c k T 3 P h a s e C lo c k T 4 P ro g ra m C o u n te r PC PC+1 PC+2
P ip e lin in g
F e tc h In s t. (P C ) E x e c u te In s t. (P C -1 )
F e tc h In s t. (P C + 1 ) E x e c u te In s t. (P C )
F e tc h In s t. (P C + 2 ) E x e c u te In s t. (P C + 1 )
System Clocking and Pipelining
1 2 3 4 5 6 D ELAY: : :
M O V A ,[1 2 H ] C ALL D ELAY C P L [1 2 H ]
F e tc h In s t. 1
E x e c u te In s t. 1 F e tc h In s t. 2 E x e c u te In s t. 2 F e tc h In s t. 3 F lu s h P ip e lin e F e tc h In s t. 6 E x e c u te In s t. 6 F e tc h In s t. 7
NOP
Instruction Fetching
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Program Counter During program execution, the Program Counter is used to keep track of the address of the next instruction to be executed. It is automatically incremented by one each time an instruction is executed except for instructions, such as JMP or CALL that demand a jump to a non-consecutive Program Memory address. However, it must be noted that only the lower 8 bits, known as the Program Counter Low Register, are directly addressable by user. When executing instructions requiring jumps to non-consecutive addresses such as a jump instruction, a subroutine call, interrupt or reset, etc., the microcontroller manages program control by loading the required address into the Program Counter. For conditional skip instructions, once the condition has been met, the next instruction, which has already been fetched during the present instruction execution, is discarded and a dummy cycle takes its place while the correct instruction is obtained. Program Counter Program Counter High Byte PC11~PC8 PCL Register Low Byte PCL7~PCL0
P ro g ra m C o u n te r
T o p o f S ta c k S ta c k P o in te r B o tto m o f S ta c k
S ta c k L e v e l 1 S ta c k L e v e l 2 S ta c k L e v e l 3 S ta c k L e v e l 4 P ro g ra m M e m o ry
Device HT45R22E
Stack Levels 4
If the stack is full and an enabled interrupt takes place, the interrupt request flag will be recorded but the acknowledge signal will be inhibited. When the Stack Pointer is decremented, by RET or RETI, the interrupt will be serviced. This feature prevents stack overflow allowing the programmer to use the structure more easily. However, when the stack is full, a CALL subroutine instruction can still be executed which will result in a stack overflow. Precautions should be taken to avoid such cases which might cause unpredictable program branching. Arithmetic and Logic Unit - ALU The arithmetic-logic unit or ALU is a critical area of the microcontroller that carries out arithmetic and logic operations of the instruction set. Connected to the main microcontroller data bus, the ALU receives related instruction codes and performs the required arithmetic or logical operations after which the result will be placed in the specified register. As these ALU calculation or operations may result in carry, borrow or other status changes, the status register will be correspondingly updated to reflect these changes. The ALU supports the following functions:
* Arithmetic operations: ADD, ADDM, ADC, ADCM,
The lower byte of the Program Counter, known as the Program Counter Low register or PCL, is available for program control and is a readable and writeable register. By transferring data directly into this register, a short program jump can be executed directly. However, as only this low byte is available for manipulation, the jumps are limited to the present page of memory that is 256 locations. When such program jumps are executed, it should also be noted that a dummy cycle will be inserted. The lower byte of the Program Counter is fully accessible under program control. Manipulating the PCL might cause program branching, so an extra cycle is needed to pre-fetch. Further information on the PCL register can be found in the Special Function Register section. Stack This is a special part of the memory which is used to save the contents of the Program Counter only. The stack is organized into 4 levels and is neither part of the Data or Program Memory space, and is neither readable nor writeable. The activated level is indexed by the Stack Pointer, SP, and is neither readable nor writeable. At a subroutine call or interrupt acknowledge signal, the contents of the Program Counter are pushed onto the stack. At the end of a subroutine or an interrupt routine, signaled by a return instruction, RET or RETI, the Program Counter is restored to its previous value from the stack. After a device reset, the Stack Pointer will point to the top of the stack. Rev. 1.00 10
SUB, SUBM, SBC, SBCM, DAA
* Logic operations: AND, OR, XOR, ANDM, ORM,
XORM, CPL, CPLA
* Rotation RRA, RR, RRCA, RRC, RLA, RL, RLCA,
RLC
* Increment and Decrement INCA, INC, DECA, DEC * Branch decision, JMP, SZ, SZA, SNZ, SIZ, SDZ,
SIZA, SDZA, CALL, RET, RETI
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Program Memory
The Program Memory is the location where the user code or program is stored. The device is supplied with One-Time Programmable, OTP, memory where users can program their application code into the device. By using the appropriate programming tools, OTP devices offer users the flexibility to freely develop their applications which may be useful during debug or for products requiring frequent upgrades or program changes. Structure The Program Memory has a capacity of 4K15. The Program Memory is addressed by the Program Counter and also contains data, table information and interrupt entries. Table data, which can be setup in any location within the Program Memory, is addressed by separate table pointer registers. Device HT45R22E Special Vectors Within the Program Memory, certain locations are reserved for special usage such as reset and interrupts.
* Reset Vector * Timer/Event 0/1 counter interrupt vector
This internal vector is used by the Timer/Event Counters. If a Timer/Event Counter overflow occurs, the program will jump to its respective location and begin execution if the associated Timer/Event Counter interrupt is enabled and the stack is not full.
* Time base interrupt vector
This internal vector is used by the internal Time Base. If a Time Base overflow occurs, the program will jump to this location and begin execution if the Time Base counter interrupt is enabled and the stack is not full.
* Multi-function interrupt vector
Capacity 4K15
This vector is used by the OPA0,OPA1 and Comparator. When either an OPA or Comparator, dependent upon which one is selected, requires interrupt servicing, the program will jump to this location and begin execution if the output interrupt is enabled and the stack is not full. Look-up Table Any location within the Program Memory can be defined as a look-up table where programmers can store fixed data. To use the look-up table, the table pointer must first be setup by placing the lower order address of the look up data to be retrieved in the table pointer register, TBLP. This register defines the lower 8-bit address of the look-up table. After setting up the table pointer, the table data can be retrieved from the current Program Memory page or last Program Memory page using the TABRDC[m] or TABRDL [m] instructions, respectively. When these instructions are executed, the lower order table byte from the Program Memory will be transferred to the user defined Data Memory register [m] as specified in the instruction. The higher order table data byte from the Program Memory will be transferred to the TBLH special register. Any unused bits in this transferred higher order byte will be read as 0.
This vector is reserved for use by the device reset for program initialisation. After a device reset is initiated, the program will jump to this location and begin execution.
* External interrupt vector
This vector is used by the external interrupt. If the external interrupt pin on the device receives an edge transition, the program will jump to this location and begin execution if the external interrupt is enabled and the stack is not full. The external interrupt active edge transition type, whether high to low, low to high or both is specified in the CTRL1 register.
000H 004H 008H 00CH 010H 014H 018H T im e B a s e In te rru p t M u lti- fu n c tio n In te rru p t R eset E x te rn a l In te rru p t T im e r 0 In te rru p t T im e r 1 In te rru p t
FFFH
1 5 b its
Program Memory Structure
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The following diagram illustrates the addressing/data flow of the look-up table:
P ro g ra m C o u n te r H ig h B y te TBLP P ro g ra m M e m o ry
at the Program Memory address 0F06H or 6 locations after the start of the last page. Note that the value for the table pointer is referenced to the first address of the present page if the TABRDC [m] instruction is being used. The high byte of the table data which in this case is equal to zero will be transferred to the TBLH register automatically when the TABRDL [m] instruction is executed. Because the TBLH register is a read-only register and cannot be restored, care should be taken to ensure its protection if both the main routine and Interrupt Service Routine use the table read instructions. If using the table read instructions, the Interrupt Service Routines may change the value of TBLH and subsequently cause errors if used again by the main routine. As a rule it is recommended that simultaneous use of the table read instructions should be avoided. However, in situations where simultaneous use cannot be avoided, the interrupts should be disabled prior to the execution of any main routine table-read instructions. Note that all table related instructions require two instruction cycles to complete their operation.
TBLH T a b le C o n te n ts H ig h B y te
S p e c ifie d b y [m ] T a b le C o n te n ts L o w B y te
Table Read Table Program Example The accompanying example shows how the table pointer and table data is defined and retrieved from the device. This example uses raw table data located in the last page which is stored there using the ORG statement. The value at this ORG statement is 0F00H which refers to the start address of the last page within the 4K Program Memory of the device. The table pointer is setup here to have an initial value of 06H. This will ensure that the first data read from the data table will be
Instruction TABRDC [m] TABRDL [m]
Table Location Bits b11 PC11 1 b10 PC10 1 b9 PC9 1 b8 PC8 1 b7 @7 @7 b6 @6 @6 b5 @5 @5 b4 @4 @4 b3 @3 @3 b2 @2 @2 b1 @1 @1 b0 @0 @0
Table Location Note: PC11~PC8: Current Program Counter bits @7~@0: Table Pointer TBLP bits
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* Table Read Program Example tempreg1 db ? ; temporary register #1 tempreg2 db ? ; temporary register #2 : :
mov a,06h mov tblp,a : : tabrdl tempreg1
; initialise table pointer - note that this address ; is referenced ; to the last page or present page
; ; ; ;
transfers value in table referenced by table pointer to tempregl data at prog. memory address 0F06H transferred to tempreg1 and TBLH
dec tblp tabrdl tempreg2
; reduce value of table pointer by one ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; transfers value in table referenced by table pointer to tempreg2 data at prog.memory address 0F05H transferred to tempreg2 and TBLH in this example the data 1AH is transferred to tempreg1 and data 0FH to register tempreg2 the value 00H will be transferred to the high byte register TBLH
: : org 0F00h dc ; sets initial address of last page
00Ah, 00Bh, 00Ch, 00Dh, 00Eh, 00Fh, 01Ah, 01Bh : :
RAM Data Memory
The Data Memory is a volatile area of 8-bit wide RAM internal memory and is the location where temporary information is stored. Structure Divided into two sections, the first of these is an area of RAM where special function registers are located. These registers have fixed locations and are necessary for correct operation of the device. Many of these registers can be read from and written to directly under program control, however, some remain protected from user manipulation. The second area of Data Memory is reserved for general purpose use. All locations within this area are read and write accessible under program control. The two sections of Data Memory, the Special Purpose and General Purpose Data Memory are located at consecutive locations. All are implemented in RAM and are 8 bits wide but the length of each memory section is dictated by the type of microcontroller chosen. The start address of the Data Memory for all devices is the address 00H. All microcontroller programs require an area of read/write memory where temporary data can be stored and retrieved for use later. It is this area of RAM memory that is known as General Purpose Data Memory. This area of Data Memory is fully accessible by the user program for both read and write operations. By using the SET [m].i and CLR [m].i instructions individual bits can be set or reset under program control giving the user a large range of flexibility for bit manipulation in the Data Memory.
00H 01H 3FH 40H 1 2 8 b y te s G e n e ra l P u rp o s e R e g is te r s IA R 0 MP0 S p e c ia l P u rp o s e R e g is te r s
BFH
Data Memory Structure Note: Most of the Data Memory bits can be directly manipulated using the SET [m].i and CLR [m].i with the exception of a few dedicated bits. The Data Memory can also be accessed through the memory pointer registers.
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Special Purpose Data Memory This area of Data Memory is where registers, necessary for the correct operation of the microcontroller, are stored. Most of the registers are both readable and writeable but some are protected and are readable only, the details of which are located under the relevant Special Function Register section. Note that for locations that are unused, any read instruction to these addresses will return the value 00H. the same way as normal registers providing a convenient way with which to indirectly address and track data. When any operation to the relevant Indirect Addressing Registers is carried out, the actual address that the microcontroller is directed to is the address specified by the related Memory Pointer. The following example shows how to clear a section of four Data Memory locations already defined as locations adres1 to adres4.
00H 01H 02H 03H 04H 05H 06H 07H 08H 09H 0AH 0BH 0CH 0DH 0EH 0FH 10H 11H 12H 13H 14H 15H 16H 17H 18H 19H 1AH 1BH 1CH 1DH 1EH 1FH 20H 21H 22H 23H 24H 25H 26H 27H 28H 31H 32H 33H 34H 35H 36H 37H 38H 39H 3AH C C 3EH 3FH IA R 0 MP0 IA R 1 MP1 ACC PCL TBLP TBLH W DTS STATUS IN T C 0 TM R0 TM R0C TM R1 TM R1C PA PAC PAPU PAW K PB PBC PBPU PC PCC PCPU CTRL0 CTRL1 SCOMC IN T C 1
Special Function Registers
To ensure successful operation of the microcontroller, certain internal registers are implemented in the Data Memory area. These registers ensure correct operation of internal functions such as timers, interrupts, etc., as well as external functions such as I/O data control. The locations of these registers within the Data Memory begin at the address 00H. Any unused Data Memory locations between these special function registers and the point where the General Purpose Memory begins is reserved and attempting to read data from these locations will return a value of 00H. Indirect Addressing Registers - IAR0, IAR1 The Indirect Addressing Registers, IAR0 and IAR1, although having their locations in normal RAM register space, do not actually physically exist as normal registers. The method of indirect addressing for RAM data manipulation uses these Indirect Addressing Registers and Memory Pointers, in contrast to direct memory addressing, where the actual memory address is specified. Actions on the IAR0 and IAR1 registers will result in no actual read or write operation to these registers but rather to the memory location specified by their corresponding Memory Pointer, MP0 or MP1. Acting as a pair, IAR0 with MP0 and IAR1 with MP1, can together access data from the Data Memory. As the Indirect Addressing Registers are not physically implemented, reading the Indirect Addressing Registers indirectly will return a result of 00H and writing to the registers indirectly will result in no operation. Memory Pointers - MP0, MP1 Two Memory Pointers, known as MP0 and MP1 are provided. These Memory Pointers are physically implemented in the Data Memory and can be manipulated in
M F IC
C C C C
CMP CMP OPA OPA OPA OPA OP0 OP1
0C 1C 0 1 2 3 O O C C C C C C
PCW K
: U n u s e d , re a d a s "0 0 "
Special Purpose Data Memory
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* Indirect Addressing Program Example
data .section data adres1 db ? adres2 db ? adres3 db ? adres4 db ? block db ? code .section at 0 code org 00h start: mov mov mov mov loop: clr inc sdz jmp a,04h block,a a,offset adres1 mp0,a IAR0 mp0 block loop ; setup size of block ; Accumulator loaded with first RAM address ; setup memory pointer with first RAM address ; clear the data at address defined by MP0 ; increment memory pointer ; check if last memory location has been cleared
continue: The important point to note here is that in the example shown above, no reference is made to specific Data Memory addresses.
Accumulator - ACC The Accumulator is central to the operation of any microcontroller and is closely related with operations carried out by the ALU. The Accumulator is the place where all intermediate results from the ALU are stored. Without the Accumulator it would be necessary to write the result of each calculation or logical operation such as addition, subtraction, shift, etc., to the Data Memory resulting in higher programming and timing overheads. Data transfer operations usually involve the temporary storage function of the Accumulator; for example, when transferring data between one user defined register and another, it is necessary to do this by passing the data through the Accumulator as no direct transfer between two registers is permitted. Program Counter Low Register - PCL To provide additional program control functions, the low byte of the Program Counter is made accessible to programmers by locating it within the Special Purpose area of the Data Memory. By manipulating this register, direct jumps to other program locations are easily implemented. Loading a value directly into this PCL register will cause a jump to the specified Program Memory location. However, as the register is only 8-bit wide, only jumps within the current Program Memory page are permitted. When such operations are used, note that a dummy cycle will be inserted. Look-up Table Registers - TBLP, TBLH These two special function registers are used to control operation of the look-up table which is stored in the Program Memory. TBLP is the table pointer and indicates the location where the table data is located. Its value must be setup before any table read commands are executed. Its value can be changed, for example using the INC or DEC instructions, allowing for easy table data Rev. 1.00 15
pointing and reading. TBLH is the location where the high order byte of the table data is stored after a table read data instruction has been executed. Note that the lower order table data byte is transferred to a user defined location. Status Register - STATUS This 8-bit register contains the zero flag (Z), carry flag (C), auxiliary carry flag (AC), overflow flag (OV), power down flag (PDF), and watchdog time-out flag (TO). These arithmetic/logical operation and system management flags are used to record the status and operation of the microcontroller. With the exception of the TO and PDF flags, bits in the status register can be altered by instructions like most other registers. Any data written into the status register will not change the TO or PDF flag. In addition, operations related to the status register may give different results due to the different instruction operations. The TO flag can be affected only by a system power-up, a WDT time-out or by executing the CLR WDT or HALT instruction. The PDF flag is affected only by executing the HALT or CLR WDT instruction or during a system power-up. The Z, OV, AC and C flags generally reflect the status of the latest operations. In addition, on entering an interrupt sequence or executing a subroutine call, the status register will not be pushed onto the stack automatically. If the contents of the status registers are important and if the interrupt routine can change the status register, precautions must be taken to correctly save it. Note that bits 0~3 of the STATUS register are both readable and writeable bits.
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* STATUS Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7, 6 Bit 5
7 3/4 3/4 3/4
6 3/4 3/4 3/4
5 TO R 0
4 PDF R 0
3 OV R/W x
2 Z R/W x
1 AC R/W x
0 C R/W x
x unknown
Unimplemented, read as 0 TO: Watchdog Time-Out flag 0: After power up or executing the CLR WDT or HALT instruction 1: A watchdog time-out occurred. PDF: Power down flag 0: After power up or executing the CLR WDT instruction 1: By executing the HALT instruction OV: Overflow flag 0: no overflow 1: an operation results in a carry into the highest-order bit but not a carry out of the highest-order bit or vice versa. Z: Zero flag 0: The result of an arithmetic or logical operation is not zero 1: The result of an arithmetic or logical operation is zero AC: Auxiliary flag 0: no auxiliary carry 1: an operation results in a carry out of the low nibbles in addition, or no borrow from the high nibble into the low nibble in subtraction C: Carry flag 0: no carry-out 1: an operation results in a carry during an addition operation or if a borrow does not take place during a subtraction operation C is also affected by a rotate through carry instruction. Input/Output Ports and Control Registers Within the area of Special Function Registers, the port PA, PB, PC etc., data I/O registers and their associated control register PAC, PBC, PCC etc., play a prominent role. These registers are mapped to specific addresses within the Data Memory as shown in the Data Memory table. The data I/O registers, are used to transfer the appropriate output or input data on the port. The control registers specifies which pins of the port are set as inputs and which are set as outputs. To setup a pin as an input, the corresponding bit of the control register must be set high, for an output it must be set low. During program initialisation, it is important to first setup the control registers to specify which pins are outputs and which are inputs before reading data from or writing data to the I/O ports. One flexible feature of these registers is the ability to directly program single bits using the SET [m].i and CLR [m].i instructions. The ability to change I/O pins from output to input and vice versa by manipulating specific bits of the I/O control registers during normal program operation is a useful feature of these devices.
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Interrupt Control Registers - INTC0, INTC1, MFIC These 8-bit registers, known as INTC0, INTC1 and MFIC, control the operation of external, internal timers, time base and multi-function interrupts. The MFIC register is used to control a comparator and two operational amplifier interrupts. By setting various bits within these registers using standard bit manipulation instructions, the enable/disable function of each interrupt can be independently controlled. A master interrupt bit within this register, the EMI bit, acts like a global enable/disable and is used to set all of the interrupt enable bits on or off. This bit is cleared when an interrupt routine is entered to disable further interrupt and is set by executing the RETI instruction. Timer/Event Counter Registers This device contains two 8-bits wide Timer/Event Counters. One is known as Timer/Event Counter 0, while the other is known as Timer/Event Counter 1. Timer/Event Counter 0 has an associated timer register known as TMR0, and Timer/Event Counter 1 has an associated timer register known as TMR1. These are the register locations where the timer values are located. Two associated control registers, known as TMR0C and TMR1C, contain the setup information for the two individual Timer/Event Counters. Rev. 1.00 16
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System Control Registers - CTRL0, CTRL1 These registers are used to provide control over various internal functions. Some of these include the PFD control, I/O remapping function, certain system clock options, the LXT Oscillator low power control, external Interrupt edge trigger type, Watchdog Timer enable function, Time Base function division ratio, and the LXT oscillator enable control.
* CTRL0 Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7
7 PCFG R/W 0
6 PFDCS R/W 0
5 3/4 3/4 0
4 3/4 3/4 0
3 PFDEN1 R/W 0
2 PFDEN0 R/W 0
1 LXTLP R/W 0
0 CLKMOD R/W 0
Bit 6
PCFG: I/O configuration 0: INTB/TC0/PFD pin-shared with PA3/PA2/PA0 1: INTB/TC0/PFD pin-shared with PC5/PC4/PC3 PFDCS: PFD clock source 0: Timer 0 1: Timer 1 unimplemented, read as 0 PFDEN[1:0]: PFD/PFDB enable/ disable 00: Both disable 01: unimplemented, read as 0 10: PFD enable 11: PFD and PFDB enable LXTLP: LXT oscillator low power control function 0: LXT oscillator quick start-up mode 1: LXT oscillator Low Power Mode CLKMOD: System clock mode selection 0: High speed - HIRC used as system clock 1: Low speed - LXT used as system clock, HIRC oscillator stopped This clock mode selection is only valid if the oscillator configuration option has selected the HIRC+LXT.
Bit 5~4 Bit 3~2:
Bit 1
Bit 0
* CTRL1 Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7, 6
7 INTEG1 R/W 1
6 INTEG0 R/W 0
5 TBSEL1 R/W 0
4 TBSEL0 R/W 0
3 WDTEN3 R/W 1
2 WDTEN2 R/W 0
1 WDTEN1 R/W 1
0 WDTEN0 R/W 0
INTEG1, INTEG0: External interrupt edge type 00: disable 01: rising edge trigger 10: falling edge trigger 11: dual edge trigger TBSEL1, TBSEL0: Time base period selection 00: 210 (1/fTP) 01: 211 (1/fTP) 10: 212 (1/fTP) 11: 213 (1/fTP) WDTEN3, WDTEN2, WDTEN1, WDTEN0: WDT function enable 1010: WDT disabled Other values: WDT enabled - Recommended value is 0101 If the watchdog timer enable is configuration option is selected, then the watchdog timer will always be enabled and the WDTEN3~WDTEN0 control bits will have no effect. The WDT is only disabled when both the WDT configuration option is disabled and when bits WDTEN3~WDTEN0=1010. The WDT is enabled when either the WDT configuration option is enabled or when bits WDTEN3~WDTEN01010.
Bit 5, 4
Bit 3~0
Note:
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Wake-up Function Register - PAWK, PCWK When the microcontroller enters the Idle/Sleep Mode, various methods exist to wake the device up and continue with normal operation. One method is to allow a falling edge on the I/O pins to have a wake-up function. This register is used to select which Port A or Port C I/O pins are used to have this wake-up function. Pull-high Registers - PAPU, PBPU, PCPU The I/O pins, if configured as inputs, can have internal pull-high resistors connected, which eliminates the need for external pull-high resistors. These registers select which I/O pins are connected to internal pull-high resistors. Software COM Register - SCOMC The pins PB0~PB3 on Port B can be used as SCOM lines to drive an external LCD panel. To implement this function, the SCOMC register is used to setup the correct bias voltages on these pins. Comparator & Operational Amplifier Control Registers - CMP0C, CMP1C, COPA0C, COPA1C, COPA2C, COPA3C, OPA0OC, OPA1OC These registers are used to control the internal comparator and two operational amplifiers in the device. The internal bits within registers are used to enable and disable the comparator and operational amplifiers, monitor the output, select the operating current and control the interrupt edge of the comparator, select the internal software gain and reference voltage bias and control the offset cancellation function of the operational amplifiers. The SCL line is an input line and is the clock signal for both the reading and writing of data. These two EEPROM pins are shared with I/O pins as shown in the table. Any pull-high resistors configuration options for these pin shared pins also remain valid for the EEPROM. Care must be taken if these pins are used as normal I/O pins, as any signals on the pins may be seen by the EEPROM as a valid read or write operation command. If this happens the EEPROM may inadvertently generate signals on its SDA line which could create unexpected programming errors. The Internal EEPROM can be directly controlled using the pin-shared I/O pins or it can be directly connected to external I/Os and controlled by some other external master device. In this latter case care should be taken to ensure that the pin-shared I/Os for the SDA and SCL lines are both setup as inputs. In addition, the EEPROM provides a write protection function and that is controlled by PB0 pin. Type EEPROM Pin I/O Pin Capacity SDA PB2 HT45R22E SCL PB1 10248 bits EEPROM I/O Shared Pins EEPROM Functional Description
* Serial clock - SCL
WP PB0
The SCL input is used for positive edge clock data into each EEPROM device and negative edge clock data out of each device.
* Serial data - SDA
EEPROM Data Memory
The HT45R22E device contains an internal 8K capacity EEPROM memory with a 10248 bits structure. An EEPROM, which stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, is by its nature a non-volatile form of memory, with data retention even when its power supply is removed. By incorporating this kind of data memory, a whole new host of application possibilities are made available to the designer. The availability of EEPROM storage allows information such as product identification numbers, calibration values, specific user data, system setup data or other product information to be stored directly within the product microcontroller. Accessing the EEPROM Data Memory The internal EEPROM Data Memory has a 2-wire serial interface structure for data transfer. These two lines are the Serial Data line on pin SDA, and the Serial Clock line on pin SCL. The SDA line is bi-directional and is the line where the data is written to and read from the EEPROM.
The SDA pin is bidirectional for serial data transfer. The pin is open drain driven and may be wired-OR with any number of other open drain or open collector devices.
* Write protect - WP
The EEPROM has a write protect pin that provides hardware data protection. The write protect pin allows normal read/write operations when the connection is grounded. When the write protect pin is connected to VDD, the write protection feature is enabled and operates as shown in the following table. WP Pin Status At VDD At VSS Protect Array Full Array (8K) Normal Read/Write Operations
Memory Organization Internally organized with 1024 8-bit words, the 8K requires a 10-bit data word address for random word addressing.
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Device Operations
* Clock and data transition
Data transfer may be initiated only when the bus is not busy. During data transfer, the data line must remain stable whenever the clock line is high. Changes in data line while the clock line is high will be interpreted as a START or STOP condition.
* Start condition
The 8th bit device address is the read/write operation select bit. A read operation is initiated if this bit is high and a write operation is initiated if this bit is low. If the comparison of the device address succeed the EEPROM will output a zero at ACK bit. If not, the chip will return to a standby state.
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 R /W
A high-to-low transition of SDA with SCL high is a start condition which must precede any other command (refer to Start and Stop Definition Timing diagram).
* Stop condition
D e v ic e A d d r e s s
Write Operations
* Byte write
A low-to-high transition of SDA with SCL high is a stop condition. After a read sequence, the stop command will place the EEPROM in a standby power mode (refer to Start and Stop Definition Timing Diagram).
* Acknowledge
All addresses and data words are serially transmitted to and from the EEPROM in 8-bit words. The EEPROM sends a zero to acknowledge that it has received each word. This happens during the ninth clock cycle. Device Addressing The 8K EEPROM device requires an 8-bit device address word following a start condition to enable the chip for a read or write operation. The device address word consist of a mandatory one, zero sequence for the first four most significant bits (refer to the diagram showing the Device Address). This is common to all the EEPROM device.
D a ta a llo w e d to c h a n g e SDA
A write operation requires an 8-bit data word address following the device address word and acknowledgment. Upon receipt of this address, the EEPROM will again respond with a zero and then clock in the first 8-bit data word. After receiving the 8-bit data word, the EEPROM will output a zero and the addressing device, such as a microcontroller, must terminate the write sequence with a stop condition. At this time the EEPROM enters an internally-timed write cycle to the nonvolatile memory. All inputs are disabled during this write cycle and EEPROM will not respond until write is complete (refer to Byte write timing).
* Page write
SCL S ta rt c o n d itio n A d d re s s o r a c k n o w le d g e v a lid NoACK s ta te
S to p c o n d itio n
The 8K EEPROM is capable of a 16-byte page write. A page write is initiated in the same way as a byte write, but the microcontroller does not send a stop condition after the first data word is clocked in. Instead, after the EEPROM acknowledges the receipt of the first data word, the microcontroller can transmit up to 15 more data words. The EEPROM will respond with a ze r o a f t e r e a c h d a t a w o r d r e c e i v e d . T h e microcontroller must terminate the page write sequence with a stop condition (refer to Page write timing). The data word address lower four bits are internally incremented following the receipt of each data word. The higher data word address bits are not incremented, retaining the memory page row location.
These page addressing bits on the 8K device should be considered the most significant bits of the data word address which follows.
D e v ic e a d d r e s s SDA S S ta rt A2 A1 A0 R /W ACK
W o rd a d d re s s
DATA P ACK ACK S to p
Byte Write Timing
D e v ic e a d d r e s s SDA S
W o rd a d d re s s
DATA n
DATA n+1
DATA n+x P
S ta rt
ACK
ACK
ACK
ACK
Page Write Timing
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* Acknowledge polling * Current address read
To maximize bus throughput, one technique is to allow the master to poll for an acknowledge signal after the start condition and the control byte for a write command have been sent. If the device is still busy implementing its write cycle, then no ACK will be returned. The master can send the next read/write command when the ACK signal has finally been received.
S e n d W r ite C o m m a n d
S e n d S to p C o n d itio n to In itia te W r ite C y c le S e n d S ta rt S e n d C o n tro l B y te w ith R /W = 0
The internal data word address counter maintains the last address accessed during the last read or write operation, incremented by one. This address stays valid between operations as long as the chip power is maintained. The address roll over during read from the last byte of the last memory page to the first byte of the first page. The address roll over during write from the last byte of the current page to the first byte of the same page. Once the device address with the read/write select bit set to one is clocked in and acknowledged by the EEPROM, the current address data word is serially clocked out. The microcontroller should respond with a no ACK signal (high) followed by a stop condition (refer to Current read timing).
* Random read
(A C K = 0 )? Yes N e x t O p e r a tio n
No
A random read requires a dummy byte write sequence to load in the data word address which is then clocked in and acknowledged by the EEPROM. The microcontroller must then generate another start condition. The microcontroller now initiates a current address read by sending a device address with the read/write select bit high. The EEPROM acknowledges the device address and serially clocks out the data word. The microcontroller should respond with a no ACK signal (high) followed by a stop condition (refer to Random read timing).
* Sequential read
Acknowledge Polling Flow
* Write protect
The EEPROM has a write-protect function and programming will then be inhibited when the WP pin is connected to VDD. Under this mode, the EEPROM is used as a serial ROM.
* Read operations
The EEPROM supports three read operations, namely, current address read, random address read and sequential read. During read operation execution, the read/write select bit should be set to 1.
D e v ic e a d d r e s s SDA S S ta rt ACK
Sequential reads are initiated by either a current address read or a random address read. After the microcontroller receives a data word, it responds with an acknowledgment. As long as the EEPROM receives an acknowledgment, it will continue to increment the data word address and serially clock out sequential data words. When the memory address limit is reached, the data word address will roll over and the sequential read continues. The sequential read operation is terminated when the microcontroller responds with a no ACK signal (high) followed by a stop condition.
DATA
S to p P NoACK
Current Read Timing
D e v ic e a d d r e s s SDA S S ACK ACK S ta rt ACK S ta rt W o rd a d d re s s D e v ic e a d d r e s s DATA
S to p P NoACK
Random Read Timing
D e v ic e a d d r e s s SDA S
DATA n
DATA n+1
DATA n+x
S to p P NoACK
S ta rt
ACK
ACK
Sequential Read Timing
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Timing Diagram
tF SCL tS SDA SDA OUT
U :S T A
tR tL tH
OW D :S T A
tH
IG H
tH
D :D A T
tS
U :D A T
tS tB
U :S T O
tS
P
tA
A
UF
V a lid
V a lid
SCL SDA 8 th b it W o rd n S to p C o n d itio n ACK tW
R
S ta rt C o n d itio n
Note: The write cycle time tWR is the time from a valid stop condition of a write sequence to the end of the valid start condition of sequential command.
Oscillator
Various oscillator options offer the user a wide range of functions according to their various application requirements. The flexible features of the oscillator functions ensure that the best optimisation can be achieved in terms of speed and power saving. Oscillator selections and operation are selected through a combination of configuration options and registers. System Oscillator Overview In addition to being the source of the main system clock the oscillators also provide clock sources for the Watchdog Timer and Time Base functions. External oscillators requiring some external components as well as two fully integrated internal oscillators, requiring no external components, are provided to form a wide range of both fast and slow system oscillators. Type External Crystal External RC Internal High Speed RC Name HXT ERC HIRC Freq. 400kHz~ 4MHz 400kHz~ 4MHz 4095kHz Pins OSC1/ OSC2 OSC1
Rp
System Clock Configurations There are five system oscillators. Three high speed oscillators and two low speed oscillators. The high speed oscillators are the external crystal/ceramic oscillator HXT, the external - ERC, and the internal RC oscillator HIRC. The two low speed oscillator are the external 32768Hz oscillator - LXT and the internal 10kHz (VDD=3V) oscillator - LIRC. External Crystal/Resonator Oscillator - HXT The simple connection of a crystal across OSC1 and OSC2 will create the necessary phase shift and feedback for oscillation. However, for some crystals and most resonator types, to ensure oscillation and accurate frequency generation, it is necessary to add two small value external capacitors, C1 and C2. The exact values of C1 and C2 should be selected in consultation with the crystal or resonator manufacturers specification.
C1 In te r n a l O s c illa to r C ir c u it
OSC1 Rf
3/4 OSC1/ OSC2
C2 OSC2 T o in te r n a l c ir c u its
External Low Speed Crystal
LXT
32768Hz XT1/ XT2*
N o te : 1 . R p is n o r m a lly n o t r e q u ir e d . C 1 a n d C 2 a r e r e q u ir e d . 2 . A lth o u g h n o t s h o w n O S C 1 /O S C 2 p in s h a v e a p a r a s itic c a p a c ita n c e o f a r o u n d 7 p F .
Internal Low Speed RC
LIRC
10kHz
3/4
Crystal/Resonator Oscillator - HXT
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Crystal Oscillator C1 and C2 Values Crystal Frequency 4MHz 1MHz Note: C1 8pF 100pF C2 10pF 100pF
P A 5 /O S C 2 P A 6 /O S C 1 In te rn a l R C O s c illa to r
N o te : P A 5 /P A 6 u s e d a s n o rm a l I/O s
C1 and C2 values are for guidance only.
Internal RC Oscillator - HIRC External 32768Hz Crystal Oscillator - LXT When the microcontroller enters the Idle/Sleep Mode, the system clock is switched off to stop microcontroller activity and to conserve power. However, in many microcontroller applications it may be necessary to keep the internal timers operational even when the microcontroller is in the Power-down Mode. To do this, another clock, independent of the system clock, must be provided. To do this a configuration option exists to allow a high speed oscillator to be used in conjunction with a low speed oscillator, known as the LXT oscillator. The LXT oscillator is implemented using a 32768Hz crystal connected to pins OSC1/OSC2. However, for some crystals, to ensure oscillation and accurate frequency generation, it is necessary to add two small value external capacitors, C1 and C2. The exact values of C1 and C2 should be selected in consultation with the crystal or resonator manufacturers specification. The external parallel feedback resistor, Rp, is required. The LXT oscillator must be used together with the HIRC oscillator.
C1 32768H z Rp In te r n a l O s c illa to r C ir c u it In te rn a l R C O s c illa to r T o in te r n a l c ir c u its
Crystal Recommended Capacitor Values External RC Oscillator - ERC Using the ERC oscillator only requires that a resistor, with a value between 24kW and 120kW, is connected between OSC1 and VDD, and a capacitor is connected between OSC1 and ground, providing a low cost oscillator configuration. It is only the external resistor that determines the oscillation frequency; the external capacitor has no influence over the frequency and is connected for stability purposes only. Device trimming during the manufacturing process and the inclusion of internal frequency compensation circuits are used to ensure that the influence of the power supply voltage, temperature and process variations on the oscillation frequency are minimised. As a resistance/frequency reference point, it can be noted that with an external 120K resistor connected and with a 3V voltage power supply and temperature of 25 degrees, the oscillator will have a frequency of 4MHz within a tolerance of 2%. Here only the OSC1 pin is used, which is shared with I/O pin PA6, leaving pin PA5 free for use as a normal I/O pin.
V R
OSC DD
P A 6 /O S C 1 470pF
C2
P A 5 /O S C 2
External RC Oscillator - ERC Internal RC Oscillator - HIRC The internal RC oscillator is a fully integrated system oscillator requiring no external components. The internal RC oscillator has three fixed frequencies of either 4095kHz. Device trimming during the manufacturing process and the inclusion of internal frequency compensation circuits are used to ensure that the influence of the power supply voltage, temperature and process variations on the oscillation frequency are minimised. As a result, at a power supply of either 3V and at a temperature of 25 degrees, the fixed oscillation frequency of 4095kHz will have a tolerance within 2%. Note that if this internal system clock option is selected, as it requires no external pins for its operation, I/O pins PA5 and PA6 are free for use as normal I/O pins.
N o te : 1 . R p , C 1 a n d C 2 a r e r e q u ir e d . 2 . A lth o u g h n o t s h o w n p in s h a v e a p a r a s itic c a p a c ita n c e o f a r o u n d 7 p F .
External LXT Oscillator LXT Oscillator C1 and C2 Values Crystal Frequency 32768Hz Note: C1 8pF C2 10pF
1. C1 and C2 values are for guidance only. 2. RP=5M~10MW is recommended.
32768 Hz Crystal Recommended Capacitor Values LXT Oscillator Low Power Function The LXT oscillator can function in one of two modes, the Quick Start Mode and the Low Power Mode. The mode selection is executed using the LXTLP bit in the CTRL0 register.
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LXTLP Bit 0 1 LXT Mode Quick Start Low-power Mode Types and Selection The higher frequency oscillators provide higher performance but carry with it the disadvantage of higher power requirements, while the opposite is of course true for the lower frequency oscillators. With the capability of dynamically switching between fast and slow oscillators, the device has the flexibility to optimise the performance/power ratio, a feature especially important in power sensitive portable applications. If the LXT oscillator is used, then the internal RC oscillator, HIRC, must be used as the high frequency oscillator. If the HXT or the ERC oscillator is chosen as the high frequency system clock, then the LXT oscillator cannot be used for sharing the same pins. The CLKMOD bit in the CTRL0 register can be used to switch the system clock from the high speed HIRC oscillator to the low speed LXT oscillator. When the HALT instruction is executed and the device enters the Idle/Sleep Mode, the LXT oscillator will always continue to run. For this device the LXT crystal is connected to the OSC1/OSC2 pins and LXT will always run (the LXT oscillator enable control bit is not used). Note that CLKMOD is only valid in HIRC+LXT oscillator configuration. OSC1/OSC2 Configuration Operating Mode Normal Slow Sleep HIRC + LXT HXT Run 3/4 Stop ERC Run 3/4 Stop HIRC HIRC Run 3/4 Stop Run Stop Stop LXT Run Run Run
After power-on, the LXTLP bit will be automatically cleared to zero ensuring that the LXT oscillator is in the Quick Start operating mode. In the Quick Start Mode the LXT oscillator will power up and stabilise quickly. However, after the LXT oscillator has fully powered up it can be placed into the Low-power mode by setting the LXTLP bit high. The oscillator will continue to run but with reduced current consumption, as the higher current consumption is only required during the LXT oscillator start-up. In power sensitive applications, such as battery applications, where power consumption must be kept to a minimum, it is therefore recommended that the application program sets the LXTLP bit high about 2 seconds after power-on. It should be noted that, no matter what condition the LXTLP bit is set to, the LXT oscillator will always function normally. The only difference is that it will take more time to start up if in the Low-power mode. Internal Low Speed Oscillator - LIRC The LIRC is a fully self-contained free running on-chip RC oscillator with a typical frequency of 10kHz at 3V requiring no external components. When the device enters the Idle/Sleep Mode, the system clock will stop running but the WDT oscillator continues to free-run and to keep the watchdog active. However, to preserve power in certain applications the LIRC can be disabled via a configuration option.
3/4 unimplemented
Operating Modes
By using the LXT low frequency oscillator in combination with a high frequency oscillator, the system can be selected to operate in a number of different modes. These Modes are Normal, Slow, Idle and Sleep.
Operating Mode Control
HXT f
f
HXT
C o n fig u r a tio n o p tio n ERC
ERC
C LKM O D ( D e te r m in e N o r m a l/ S lo w M o d e )
MUX H IR C f
H IR C
( N o r m a l) MUX f
SYS
LXT
f
(S L O W
LXT
)
C o n fig u r a tio n o p tio n
L IR C
f
L IR C
MUX
SYS
T o w a tc h d o g tim e r
f
/4
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Mode Switching The devices are switched between one mode and another using a combination of the CLKMOD bit in the CTRL0 register and the HALT instruction. The CLKMOD bit chooses whether the system runs in either the Normal or Slow Mode by selecting the system clock to be sourced from either a high or low frequency oscillator. The HALT instruction forces the system into either the Idle or Sleep Mode, depending upon whether the LXT oscillator is running or not. The HALT instruction operates independently of the CLKMOD bit condition. When a HALT instruction is executed and the LXT oscillator is not running, the system enters the Sleep mode the following conditions exist:
* The system oscillator will stop running and the appli-
to run when the device enters the Idle/Sleep Mode. To keep the LXT power consumption to a minimum level the LXTLP bit in the CTRL0 register, which controls the low power function, should be set high. Wake-up After the system enters the Idle/Sleep Mode, it can be woken up from one of various sources listed as follows:
* An external reset * An external falling edge on PA0 to PA7 or PC0 to PC7 * A system interrupt * A WDT overflow
cation program will stop at the HALT instruction.
* The Data Memory contents and registers will maintain
their present condition.
* The WDT will be cleared and resume counting if the
WDT clock source is selected to come from the WDT or LXT oscillator. The WDT will stop if its clock source originates from the system clock.
* The I/O ports will maintain their present condition. * In the status register, the Power Down flag, PDF, will
be set and the Watchdog time-out flag, TO, will be cleared. Standby Current Considerations As the main reason for entering the Idle/Sleep Mode is to keep the current consumption of the MCU to as low a value as possible, perhaps only in the order of several micro-amps, there are other considerations which must also be taken into account by the circuit designer if the power consumption is to be minimised. Special attention must be made to the I/O pins on the device. All high-impedance input pins must be connected to either a fixed high or low level as any floating input pins could create internal oscillations and result in increased current consumption. Care must also be taken with the loads, which are connected to I/O pins, which are setup as outputs. These should be placed in a condition in which minimum current is drawn or connected only to external circuits that do not draw current, such as other CMOS inputs. If the configuration options have enabled the Watchdog Timer internal oscillator LIRC then this will continue to run when in the Idle/Sleep Mode and will thus consume some power. For power sensitive applications it may be therefore preferable to use the system clock source for the Watchdog Timer. The LXT, if configured for use, will also consume a limited amount of power, as it continues
If the system is woken up by an external reset, the device will experience a full system reset, however, if the device is woken up by a WDT overflow, a Watchdog Timer reset will be initiated. Although both of these wake-up methods will initiate a reset operation, the actual source of the wake-up can be determined by examining the TO and PDF flags. The PDF flag is cleared by a system power-up or executing the clear Watchdog Timer instructions and is set when executing the HALT instruction. The TO flag is set if a WDT time-out occurs, and causes a wake-up that only resets the Program Counter and Stack Pointer, the other flags remain in their original status. Pins PA0~PA7 and PC0~PC7 can be setup via the PAWK and PCWK registers to permit a negative transition on the pin to wake-up the system. When a PA0~PA7 or PC0~PC7 pin wake-up occurs, the program will resume execution at the instruction following the HALT instruction. If the system is woken up by an interrupt, then two possible situations may occur. The first is where the related interrupt is disabled or the interrupt is enabled but the stack is full, in which case the program will resume execution at the instruction following the HALT instruction. In this situation, the interrupt which woke-up the device will not be immediately serviced, but will rather be serviced later when the related interrupt is finally enabled or when a stack level becomes free. The other situation is where the related interrupt is enabled and the stack is not full, in which case the regular interrupt response takes place. If an interrupt request flag is set to 1 before entering the Idle/Sleep Mode, then any interrupt requests will not generate a wake-up function of the related interrupt will be ignored. No matter what the source of the wake-up event is, once a wake-up event occurs, there will be a time delay before normal program execution resumes. Consult the table for the related time.
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No matter what the source of the wake-up event is, once a wake-up event occurs, there will be a time delay before normal program execution resumes. Consult the table for the related time. Wake-up Source External RES PA, PC Port Interrupt WDT Overflow Note: 1. tSYS (system clock) 2. tRSTD is power-on delay, typical time=100ms 3. tSST1= 2 or 1024 tSYS 4. tSST2= 1024 tSYS Wake-up Delay Time tSST1 tSST2 Oscillator Type ERC, IRC tRSDT + tSST1 Crystal tRSDT + tSST2 powered up. Although any other data written to WDTEN3~WDTEN0 will ensure that the Watchdog Timer is enabled, for maximum protection it is recommended that the value 0101B is written to these bits. The Watchdog Timer clock can emanate from three different sources, selected by configuration option. These are LXT, fSYS/4, or LIRC. It is important to note that when the system enters the Idle/Sleep Mode the instruction clock is stopped, therefore if the configuration options have selected fSYS/4 as the Watchdog Timer clock source, the Watchdog Timer will cease to function. For systems that operate in noisy environments, using the LIRC or the LXT as the clock source is therefore the recommended choice. The division ratio of the prescaler is determined by bits 0, 1 and 2 of the WDTS register, known as WS0, WS1 and WS2. If the Watchdog Timer internal clock source is selected and with the WS0, WS1 and WS2 bits of the WDTS register all set high, the prescaler division ratio will be 1:128, which will give a maximum time-out period. Under normal program operation, a Watchdog Timer time-out will initialise a device reset and set the status bit TO. However, if the system is in the Idle/Sleep Mode, when a Watchdog Timer time-out occurs, the device will be woken up, the TO bit in the status register will be set and only the Program Counter and Stack Pointer will be reset. Three methods can be adopted to clear the contents of the Watchdog Timer. The first is an external hardware reset, which means a low level on the external reset pin, the second is using the Clear Watchdog Timer software instructions and the third is when a HALT instruction is executed. There are two methods of using software instructions to clear the Watchdog Timer, one of which must be chosen by configuration option. The first option is to use the single CLR WDT instruction while the second is to use the two commands CLR WDT1 and CLR WDT2. For the first option, a simple execution of CLR WDT will clear the Watchdog Timer while for the second option, both CLR WDT1 and CLR WDT2 must both be executed to successfully clear the Watchdog Timer. Note that for this second option, if CLR WDT1 is used to clear the Watchdog Timer, successive executions of this instruction will have no effect, only the execution of a CLR WDT2 instruction will clear the Watchdog Timer. Similarly after the CLR WDT2 instruction has been executed, only a successive CLR WDT1 instruction can clear the Watchdog Timer.
Watchdog Timer
The Watchdog Timer, also known as the WDT, is provided to inhibit program malfunctions caused by the program jumping to unknown locations due to certain uncontrollable external events such as electrical noise. Watchdog Timer Operation It operates by providing a device reset when the Watchdog Timer counter overflows. Note that if the Watchdog Timer function is not enabled, then any instructions related to the Watchdog Timer will result in no operation. Setting up the various Watchdog Timer options are controlled via the configuration options and two internal registers WDTS and CTRL1. Enabling the Watchdog Timer can be controlled by both a configuration option and the WDTEN bits in the CTRL1 internal register in the Data Memory. Configuration Option Disable Disable Enable CTRL1 Register Disable Enable x WDT Function OFF ON ON
Watchdog Timer On/Off Control The Watchdog Timer will be disabled if bits WDTEN3~ WDTEN0 in the CTRL1 register are written with the binary value 1010B and WDT configuration option is disable. This will be the condition when the device is
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* WDTS Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7~3 Bit 2~0
7 3/4 3/4 3/4
6 3/4 3/4 3/4
5 3/4 3/4 3/4
4 3/4 3/4 3/4
3 3/4 3/4 3/4
2 WS2 R/W 1
1 WS1 R/W 1
0 WS0 R/W 1
unimplemented, read as 0 WS2, WS1, WS0: WDT time-out period selection 000: 28 tWDTCK 001: 29 tWDTCK 010: 210 tWDTCK 011: 211 tWDTCK 100: 212 tWDTCK 101: 213 tWDTCK 110: 214 tWDTCK 111: 215 tWDTCK
CLR CLR
W D T 1 F la g W D T 2 F la g
C le a r W D T T y p e C o n fig u r a tio n O p tio n CLR C o n fig . O p tio n S e le c t fW
DTCK
1 o r 2 In s tr u c tio n s fS /4 LXT L IR C
YS
1 5 s ta g e c o u n te r
W D T T im e - o u t
W D T C lo c k S o u r c e S e le c tio n
W S2~W S0
Watchdog Timer
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Reset and Initialisation
A reset function is a fundamental part of any microcontroller ensuring that the device can be set to some predetermined condition irrespective of outside parameters. The most important reset condition is after power is first applied to the microcontroller. In this case, internal circuitry will ensure that the microcontroller, after a short delay, will be in a well defined state and ready to execute the first program instruction. After this power-on reset, certain important internal registers will be set to defined states before the program commences. One of these registers is the Program Counter, which will be reset to zero forcing the microcontroller to begin program execution from the lowest Program Memory address. In addition to the power-on reset, situations may arise where it is necessary to forcefully apply a reset condition when the microcontroller is running. One example of this is where after power has been applied and the microcontroller is already running, the RES line is forcefully pulled low. In such a case, known as a normal operation reset, some of the microcontroller registers remain unchanged allowing the microcontroller to proceed with normal operation after the reset line is allowed to return high. Another type of reset is when the Watchdog Timer overflows and resets the microcontroller. All types of reset operations result in different register conditions being setup. Another reset exists in the form of a Low Voltage Reset, LVR, where a full reset, similar to the RES reset is implemented in situations where the power supply voltage falls below a certain threshold. Reset Functions There are five ways in which a microcontroller reset can occur, through events occurring both internally and externally:
* Power-on Reset
proper reset operation. For this reason it is recommended that an external RC network is connected to the RES pin, whose additional time delay will ensure that the RES pin remains low for an extended period to allow the power supply to stabilise. During this time delay, normal operation of the microcontroller will be inhibited. After the RES line reaches a certain voltage value, the reset delay time tRSTD is invoked to provide an extra delay time after which the microcontroller will begin normal operation. The abbreviation SST in the figures stands for System Start-up Timer.
VDD RES In te rn a l R e s e t 0 .9 V
DD
t RR
SS TT DD ++
t SS
SS TT
Note: tRSTD is power-on delay, typical time=100ms Power-On Reset Timing Chart For most applications a resistor connected between VDD and the RES pin and a capacitor connected between VSS and the RES pin will provide a suitable external reset circuit. Any wiring connected to the RES pin should be kept as short as possible to minimise any stray noise interference. For applications that operate within an environment where more noise is present the Enhanced Reset Circuit shown is recommended.
V 0 .0 1 m F * * 1N4148*
DD
VDD 10kW ~ 100kW R E S /P A 7
300W * 0 .1 ~ 1 m F
VSS
The most fundamental and unavoidable reset is the one that occurs after power is first applied to the microcontroller. As well as ensuring that the Program Memory begins execution from the first memory address, a power-on reset also ensures that certain other registers are preset to known conditions. All the I/O port and port control registers will power up in a high condition ensuring that all pins will be first set to inputs. Although the microcontroller has an internal RC reset function, if the VDD power supply rise time is not fast enough or does not stabilise quickly at power-on, the internal reset function may be incapable of providing
Note:
* It is recommended that this component is added for added ESD protection ** It is recommended that this component is added in environments where power line noise is significant External RES Circuit
More information regarding external reset circuits is located in Application Note HA0075E on the Holtek website.
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* RES Pin Reset
W D T T im e - o u t
This type of reset occurs when the microcontroller is already running and the RES pin is forcefully pulled low by external hardware such as an external switch. In this case as in the case of other reset, the Program Counter will reset to zero and program execution initiated from this point.
RES 0 .4 V 0 .9 V
DD DD
tS
In te rn a l R e s e t
ST
WDT Time-out Reset during Idle/Sleep Timing Chart Note: The tSST can be chosen to be either 1024 or 2 clock cycles via configuration option if the system clock source is provided by ERC or HIRC. The SST is 1024 for HXT or LXT.
tR
In te rn a l R e s e t
STD
+
tS
ST
Note: tRSTD is power-on delay, typical time=100ms RES Reset Timing Chart
* Low Voltage Reset - LVR
Reset Initial Conditions The different types of reset described affect the reset flags in different ways. These flags, known as PDF and TO are located in the status register and are controlled by various microcontroller operations, such as the Idle/Sleep function or Watchdog Timer. The reset flags are shown in the table: TO 0 u 1 1 PDF 0 u u 1 RESET Conditions Power-on reset RES or LVR reset during Normal or Slow Mode operation WDT time-out reset during Normal or Slow Mode operation WDT time-out reset during Idle or Sleep Mode operation
The microcontroller contains a low voltage reset circuit in order to monitor the supply voltage of the device. The LVR function is selected via a configuration option. If the supply voltage of the device drops to within a range of 0.9V~VLVR such as might occur when changing the battery, the LVR will automatically reset the device internally. For a valid LVR signal, a low supply voltage, i.e., a voltage in the range between 0.9V~VLVR must exist for a time greater than that specified by tLVR in the A.C. characteristics. If the low supply voltage state does not exceed this value, the LVR will ignore the low supply voltage and will not perform a reset function. The actual VLVR value can be selected via configuration options.
LVR
tR
In te rn a l R e s e t
STD
+
tS
ST
Note: u stands for unchanged The following table indicates the way in which the various components of the microcontroller are affected after a power-on reset occurs. Item Program Counter Interrupts WDT Condition After RESET Reset to zero All interrupts will be disabled Clear after reset, WDT begins counting Timer Counter will be turned off The Timer Counter Prescaler will be cleared
Note: tRSTD is power-on delay, typical time=100ms Low Voltage Reset Timing Chart
* Watchdog Time-out Reset during Normal Operation
The Watchdog time-out Reset during normal operation is the same as a hardware RES pin reset except that the Watchdog time-out flag TO will be set to 1.
W D T T im e - o u t
tR
In te rn a l R e s e t
STD
+
tS
ST
Timer/Event Counter Prescaler
Note: tRSTD is power-on delay, typical time=100ms WDT Time-out Reset during Normal Operation Timing Chart
* Watchdog Time-out Reset during Idle/Sleep mode
Input/Output Ports I/O ports will be setup as inputs Stack Pointer Stack Pointer will point to the top of the stack
The Watchdog time-out Reset during Idle/Sleep mode is a little different from other kinds of reset. Most of the conditions remain unchanged except that the Program Counter and the Stack Pointer will be cleared to 0 and the TO flag will be set to 1. Refer to the A.C. Characteristics for tSST details.
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The different kinds of resets all affect the internal registers of the microcontroller in different ways. To ensure reliable continuation of normal program execution after a reset occurs, it is important to know what condition the microcontroller is in after a particular reset occurs. The following table describes how each type of reset affects each of the microcontroller internal registers. Register PCL MP0 MP1 ACC TBLP TBLH WDTS STATUS INTC0 INTC1 MFIC TMR0 TMR0C TMR1 TMR1C PA PAC PAWK PAPU PB PBC PBPU PC PCC PCWK PCPU CTRL0 CTRL1 SCOMC CMP0C CMP1C COPA0C COPA1C COPA2C COPA3C OPA0OC OPA1OC Note: Power-on Reset 0000 0000 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx -xxx xxxx ---- -111 --00 xxxx -000 0000 -00- -00-000 -000 xxxx xxxx 0000 1000 xxxx xxxx 0000 1--1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 -000 0000 --11 1111 --11 1111 --00 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 -0-- 0000 1000 1010 0000 0000 -000 0000 000- 0-00 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0x00 1000 0x00 1000 RES or LVR Reset 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu -uuu uuuu ---- -111 --uu uuuu -000 0000 -00- -00-000 -000 xxxx xxxx 0000 1000 xxxx xxxx 0000 1--1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 -000 0000 --11 1111 --11 1111 -000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 -0-- 0000 1000 1010 0000 0000 -000 0000 000- 0-00 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0x00 1000 0x00 1000 WDT Time-out (Normal Operation) 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu -uuu uuuu ---- -111 --1u uuuu -000 0000 -00- -00-000 -000 xxxx xxxx 0000 1000 xxxx xxxx 0000 1--1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 -000 0000 --11 1111 --11 1111 -000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 -0-- 0000 1000 1010 0000 0000 -000 0000 000- 0-00 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0x00 1000 0x00 1000 WDT Time-out (Idle/Sleep) 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu -uuu uuuu ---- -uuu --11 uuuu -uuu uuuu -uu- -uu-uuu -uuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu u--uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu -uuu uuuu --uu uuuu --uu uuuu --uu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu -u-- uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu -uuu uuuu uuu- u-uu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu
- not implemented; u means unchanged; x means unknown
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Input/Output Ports
Holtek microcontrollers offer considerable flexibility on their I/O ports. Most pins can have either an input or output designation under user program control. Additionally, as there are pull-high resistors and wake-up software configurations, the user is provided with an I/O structure to meet the needs of a wide range of application possibilities. For input operation, these ports are non-latching, which means the inputs must be ready at the T2 rising edge of instruction MOV A,[m], where m denotes the port address. For output operation, all the data is latched and remains unchanged until the output latch is rewritten. Pull-high Resistors Many product applications require pull-high resistors for their switch inputs usually requiring the use of an external resistor. To eliminate the need for these external resistors, when configured as an input have the capability of being connected to an internal pull-high resistor. These pull-high resistors are selectable via a register known as PAPU, PBPU and PCPU located in the Data Memory. The pull-high resistors are implemented using weak PMOS transistors. Note that pin PA7 does not have a pull-high resistor selection. Port A, Port C Wake-up If the HALT instruction is executed, the device will enter the Idle/Sleep Mode, where the system clock will stop resulting in power being conserved, a feature that is important for battery and other low-power applications. Various methods exist to wake-up the microcontroller, one of which is to change the logic condition on one of the PA0~PA7 or PC0~PC7 pins from high to low. After a HALT instruction forces the microcontroller into entering the Idle/Sleep Mode, the processor will remain idle or in a low-power state until the logic condition of the selected wake-up pin on Port A or Port C changes from high to low. This function is especially suitable for applications that can be woken up via external switches. Note that pins PA0 to PA7 and PC0~PC7 can be selected individually to have this wake-up feature using an internal register known as PAWK and PCWK, located in the Data Memory.
* PAWK, PAC, PAPU, PBC, PBPU, PCWK, PCC, PCPU Registers
Register Name PAWK PAC PAPU PBC PBPU PCWK PCC PCPU
POR 00H FFH 00H 3FH 00H 00H FFH 00H
Bit 7 PAWK7 PAC7 3/4 3/4 3/4 PCWK7 PCC7 PCPU7 6 PAWK6 PAC6 PAPU6 3/4 3/4 PCWK6 PCC6 PCPU6 5 PAWK5 PAC5 PAPU5 PBC5 PBPU5 PCWK5 PCC5 PCPU5 4 PAWK4 PAC4 PAPU4 PBC4 PBPU4 PCWK4 PCC4 PCPU4 3 PAWK3 PAC3 PAPU3 PBC3 PBPU3 PCWK3 PCC3 PCPU3 2 PAWK2 PAC2 PAPU2 PBC2 PBPU2 PCWK2 PCC2 PCPU2 1 PAWK1 PAC1 PAPU1 PBC1 PBPU1 PCWK1 PCC1 PCPU1 0 PAWK0 PAC0 PAPU0 PBC0 PBPU0 PCWK0 PCC0 PCPU0
3/4 Unimplemented, read as 0 PAWKn, PCWKn: PA, PC wake-up function enable 0: disable 1: enable PACn/PBCn/PCCn: I/O type selection 0: output 1: input PAPUn/PBPUn/PCPUn: Pull-high function enable 0: disable 1: enable
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I/O Port Control Registers Each Port has its own control register, known as PAC, PBC and PCC which controls the input/output configuration. With this control register, each I/O pin with or without pull-high resistors can be reconfigured dynamically under software control. For the I/O pin to function as an input, the corresponding bit of the control register must be written as a 1. This will then allow the logic state of the input pin to be directly read by instructions. When the corresponding bit of the control register is written as a 0, the I/O pin will be setup as a CMOS output. If the pin is currently setup as an output, instructions can still be used to read the output register. However, it should be noted that the program will in fact only read the status of the output data latch and not the actual logic status of the output pin. Pin-shared Functions The flexibility of the microcontroller range is greatly enhanced by the use of pins that have more than one function. Limited numbers of pins can force serious design constraints on designers but by supplying pins with multi-functions, many of these difficulties can be overcome. For some pins, the chosen function of the multi-function I/O pins is set by configuration options while for others the function is set by application program control.
* External Interrupt Input * PFD Output
The device contains a PFD function which single or dual outputs which are pin-shared with I/O pins. The output function of these pins are chosen using the CTRL0 register. Note that the corresponding bit of the port control register, must setup the pin as an output to enable the PFD and PFD outputs. If the port control register has setup these pins as inputs, then these pins will function as normal logic inputs with the usual pull-high selection, even if the PFD function has been selected.
* SCOM Driver Pins
Pins PB0~PB3 on Port B can be used as LCD COM driver pins. This function is controlled using the SCOMC register which will generate the necessary 1/2 bias signals on these four pins.
* Comparator Input/Outputs
The device has two comparator inputs and a single comparator output, pin-shared with PC0, PC1 and PC7. Software options determine if these pins have I/O or comparator functions via bits in the COPA2C and COPA3C registers. The comparator function together with the comparator interrupt transition type is selected via bits in the CMP0C and CMP1C registers. If used as I/O pins then full pull-high resistor selections remain, however if used as comparator inputs then any pull-high resistor selections will be automatically disconnected.
* OPA0 and OPA1 input/outputs
The external interrupt pin, INT, is pin-shared with an I/O pin. To use the pin as an external interrupt input the correct bits in the INTC0 register must be programmed. The pin must also be setup as an input by setting the PAC3 bit in the Port Control Register. A pull-high resistor can also be selected via the appropriate port pull-high resistor register. Note that even if the pin is setup as an external interrupt input the I/O function still remains.
* External Timer/Event Counter Input
There are two OPAs in this device. These pins PA4, PA3 and PA2 are pin-shared with the non-inverting input pin A0P, the inverting input pin A0N and the output pin A0X of the 1st OPA, respectively. Pins PC6, PA0 and PA1 are pin-shared with the non-inverting input pin A1P, the inverting input pin A1N and the output pin A1X of the 2nd OPA, respectively. Software options determine these pins have I/O or analog OPA functions via bits in the COPA3C resister. Once selected as analog functions, the I/O functions and pull-high resistors are disabled automatically. I/O Pin Structures The diagrams illustrate the I/O pin internal structures. As the exact logical construction of the I/O pin may differ from these drawings, they are supplied as a guide only to assist with the functional understanding of the I/O pins.
The Timer/Event Counter pins, TC0 and TC1 are pin-shared with I/O pins. For these shared pins to be used as Timer/Event Counter inputs, the Timer/Event Counter must be configured to be in the Event Counter or Pulse Width Capture Mode. This is achieved by setting the appropriate bits in the Timer/Event Counter Control Register. The pins must also be setup as inputs by setting the appropriate bit in the Port Control Register. Pull-high resistor options can also be selected using the port pull-high resistor registers. Note that even if the pin is setup as an external timer input the I/O function still remains.
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Programming Considerations Within the user program, one of the first things to consider is port initialisation. After a reset, the I/O data register and I/O port control register will be set high. This means that all I/O pins will default to an input state, the level of which depends on the other connected circuitry and whether pull-high options have been selected. If the port control registers, are then programmed to setup some pins as outputs, these output pins will have an initial high output value unless the associated port data register is first programmed. Selecting which pins are inputs and which are outputs can be achieved byte-wide by loading the correct value into the port control register or by programming individual bits in the port control register using the SET [m].i and CLR [m].i instructions. Note that when using these bit control instructions, a read-modify-write operation takes place. The microcontroller must first read in the data on the entire port, modify it to the required new bit values and then rewrite this data back to the output ports.
T1 S y s te m C lo c k T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 T4
P o rt D a ta R e a d fro m P o rt W r ite to P o r t
Read Modify Write Timing Pins PA0 to PA7 and PC0 to PC7 each has a wake-up function, selected via the PAWK and the PCWK registers respectively. When the device is in the Idle/Sleep Mode, various methods are available to wake the device up. One of these is a high to low transition of any of these pins. Single or multiple pins on Port A or Port C can be setup to have this function.
V C o n tr o l B it
DD
D a ta B u s
D
Q CK S Q
P u ll- H ig h S e le c t
W eak P u ll- u p
W r ite C o n tr o l R e g is te r C h ip R e s e t R e a d C o n tr o l R e g is te r
I/O D a ta B it Q D CK Q S M U X
p in
W r ite D a ta R e g is te r
R e a d D a ta R e g is te r S y s te m W a k e -u p
P A a n d P C o n ly
W a k e - u p S e le c t
Generic Input/Output Ports
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D a ta B u s W r ite C o n tr o l R e g is te r C h ip R e s e t R e a d C o n tr o l R e g is te r D a ta B it Q D W r ite D a ta R e g is te r CK S Q P A 7 /R E S C o n tr o l B it Q D CK S Q
M U
R e a d D a ta R e g is te r S y s te m W a k e -u p (P A 7 ) R E S fo r P A 7 o n ly
X
PAW K7
PA7 NMOS Input/Output Port
P u ll- H ig h S e le c t D a ta B u s W r ite C o n tr o l R e g is te r C h ip R e s e t R e a d C o n tr o l R e g is te r C o n tr o l B it Q D CK S Q
V
DD
W eak P u ll- u p
D a ta B it Q D CK S
M U X
P B 0 /S C O M 0 ~ P B 3 /S C O M 3 P B 4 ,P B 5
W r ite D a ta R e g is te r
Q
R e a d D a ta R e g is te r
V
DD
/2
CO M nEN SCOMEN
PB Input/Output Port
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Timer/Event Counters
The provision of timers form an important part of any microcontroller, giving the designer a means of carrying out time related functions. The device contains two count-up timers of 8-bit capacity. As the timers have three different operating modes, they can be configured to operate as a general timer, an external event counter or as a pulse width capture device. The provision of an internal prescaler to the clock circuitry on gives added range to the timers. There are two types of registers related to the Timer/Event Counters. The first is the register that contains the actual value of the timer and into which an initial value can be preloaded. Reading from this register retrieves the contents of the Timer/Event Counter. The second type of associated register is the Timer Control Register which defines the timer options and determines how the timer is to be used. The device can have the timer clock configured to come from the internal clock source. In addition, the timer clock source can also be configured to come from an external timer pin. Configuring the Timer/Event Counter Input Clock Source The Timer/Event Counter clock source can originate from various sources, an internal clock or an external pin. The internal clock source is used when the timer is in the timer mode or in the pulse width capture mode. For Timer/Event Counter 0, this internal clock source is first divided by a prescaler, the division ratio of which is conditioned by the Timer Control Register bits T0PSC0~T0PSC2. For Timer/Event Counter 0, the internal clock source can be either fSYS or the LXT Oscillator, the choice of which is determined by the T0S bit in the TMR0C register. An external clock source is used when the Timer/Event Counter n is in the event counting mode, the clock source being provided on an external timer pin TCn. Depending upon the condition of the TnE bit, each high to low, or low to high transition on the external timer pin will increment the counter by one. Timer Registers - TMR0, TMR1 The timer registers are special function registers located in the Special Purpose Data Memory and is the place where the actual timer value is stored. These registers are known as TMR0 and TMR1. The value in the timer registers increases by one each time an internal clock pulse is received or an external transition occurs on the external timer pin. The timer will count from the initial value loaded by the preload register to the full count of FFH at which point the timer overflows and an internal interrupt signal is generated. The timer value will then be reset with the initial preload register value and continue counting. Note that to achieve a maximum full range count of FFH, the preload register must first be cleared to all zeros. It should be noted that after power-on, the preload registers will be in an unknown condition. Note that if the Timer/Event Counter is in an OFF condition and data is written to its preload register, this data will be immediately written into the actual counter. However, if the counter is enabled and counting, any new data written into the preload data register during this period will remain in the preload register and will only be written into the actual counter the next time an overflow occurs. Timer Control Registers - TMR0C, TMR1C The flexible features of the Holtek microcontroller Timer/Event Counters enable them to operate in three different modes, the options of which are determined by the contents of their respective control register. The Timer Control Register is known as TMRnC. It is the Timer Control Register together with its corresponding Timer Register that controls the full operation of the Timer/Event Counter. Before the timer can be used, it is essential that the Timer Control Register is fully programmed with the right data to ensure its correct operation, a process that is normally carried out during program initialisation. To choose which of the three modes the timer is to operate in, either in the timer mode, the event counting mode or the pulse width capture mode, bits 7 and 6 of the Timer Control Register, which are known as the bit pair TnM1/TnM0, must be set to the required logic levels. The timer-on bit, which is bit 4 of the Timer Control Register and known as TnON, provides the basic on/off control of the respective timer. Setting the bit high allows the counter to run, clearing the bit stops the counter. Bits 0~2 of the Timer Control Register determine the division ratio of the input clock prescaler. The prescaler bit settings have no effect if an external clock source is used. If the timer is in the event count or pulse width capture mode, the active transition edge level type is selected by the logic level of bit 3 of the Timer Control Register which is known as TnEG. The TnS bit selects the internal clock source if used.
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T0S T im e - B a s e C o n tr o l T im e - B a s e e v e n t in te r r u p t P e r io d 1 (2 10 ~ 2 13 ) * fTP
fS fL
YS XT
0 MUX 1 T0PSC
fT
P
7 S ta g e C o u n te r 7
[2 :0 ]
8 -1 M U X T im e r P r e s c a le r
T o T im e r 0 in te r n a l c lo c k (fT 0 C K = fT P ~ fT P /1 2 8 )
Clock Structure for Timer/Time Base
D a ta B u s T0M 1,T0M 0 T im e r 0 In te r n a l C lo c k (fT 0 C K ) M o d e C o n tro l U p C o u n te r T0EG T0O N P r e lo a d R e g is te r T0O V O v e r flo w to In te rru p t
TC0
2
PFD0
8-bit Timer/Event Counter 0 Structure
D a ta B u s T1M 1,T1M 0 fS Y S /4 L X T O s c illa to r T1S M U X M o d e C o n tro l U p C o u n te r T1O N P r e lo a d R e g is te r T1O V O v e r flo w to In te rru p t
TC1
T1EG
2
PFD1
8-bit Timer/Event Counter 1 Structure
PFDCS 0 MUX PFD1 1 PFD o u tp u t
PFD0
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* TMR0C Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7,6
7 T0M1 R/W 0
6 T0M0 R/W 0
5 T0S R/W 0
4 T0ON R/W 0
3 T0EG R/W 1
2 T0PSC2 R/W 0
1 T0PSC1 R/W 0
0 T0PSC0 R/W 0
T0M1, T0M0: Timer 0 operation mode selection 00: no mode available 01: event counter mode 10: timer mode 11: pulse width capture mode T0S: timer clock source 0: fSYS 1: LXT oscillator T0S selects the clock source for fTP which is provided for Timer 0, the Time-Base T0ON: Timer/event counter counting enable 0: disable 1: enable T0EG: Event counter active edge selection 0: count on raising edge 1: count on falling edge Pulse Width Capture active edge selection 0: start counting on falling edge, stop on rasing edge 1: start counting on raising edge, stop on falling edge T0PSC2, T0PSC1, T0PSC0: Timer prescaler rate selection Timer internal clock= 000: fTP 001: fTP/2 010: fTP/4 011: fTP/8 100: fTP/16 101: fTP/32 110: fTP/64 111: fTP/128
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2~0
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* TMR1C Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7,6
7 T1M1 R/W 0
6 T1M0 R/W 0
5 T1S R/W 0
4 T1ON R/W 0
3 T1EG R/W 1
2 3/4 3/4 3/4
1 3/4 3/4 3/4
0 3/4 3/4 3/4
T1M1, T1M0: Timer 1 operation mode selection 00: no mode available 01: event counter mode 10: timer mode 11: pulse width capture mode T1S: timer clock source 0: fSYS/4 1: LXT oscillator T1ON: Timer/event counter counting enable 0: disable 1: enable T1EG: Event counter active edge selection 0: count on raising edge 1: count on falling edge Pulse width capture active edge selection 0: start counting on falling edge, stop on rasing edge 1: start counting on raising edge, stop on falling edge unimplemented, read as 0
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2~0
Timer Mode In this mode, the Timer/Event Counter can be utilised to measure fixed time intervals, providing an internal interrupt signal each time the Timer/Event Counter overflows. To operate in this mode, the Operating Mode Select bit pair, TnM1/TnM0, in the Timer Control Register must be set to the correct value as shown. Control Register Operating Mode Select Bits for the Timer Mode Bit7 Bit6 1 0
ever, the internal interrupts can be disabled by ensuring that the ETnI bits of the INTCn register are reset to zero. Event Counter Mode In this mode, a number of externally changing logic events, occurring on the external timer TCn pin, can be recorded by the Timer/Event Counter. To operate in this mode, the Operating Mode Select bit pair, TnM1/TnM0, in the Timer Control Register must be set to the correct value as shown. Control Register Operating Mode Select Bits for the Event Counter Mode Bit7 Bit6 0 1
In this mode the internal clock is used as the timer clock. The timer input clock source is either fSYS, fSYS/4 or the LXT oscillator. However, this timer clock source is further divided by a prescaler, the value of which is determined by the bits TnPSC2~TnPSC0 in the Timer Control Register. The timer-on bit, TnON must be set high to enable the timer to run. Each time an internal clock high to low transition occurs, the timer increments by one; when the timer is full and overflows, an interrupt signal is generated and the timer will reload the value already loaded into the preload register and continue counting. A timer overflow condition and corresponding internal interrupt is one of the wake-up sources, howP r e s c a le r O u tp u t
In this mode, the external timer TCn pin is used as the Timer/Event Counter clock source, however it is not divided by the internal prescaler. After the other bits in the Timer Control Register have been setup, the enable bit TnON, which is bit 4 of the Timer Control Register, can be set high to enable the Timer/Event Counter to run. If the Active Edge Select bit, TnEG, which is bit 3 of the Timer Control Register, is low, the Timer/Event Counter will increment each time the external timer pin receives a low to high transition. If the TnEG is high, the counter
In c re m e n t T im e r C o n tr o lle r
T im e r + 1
T im e r + 2
T im e r + N
T im e r + N + 1
Timer Mode Timing Chart
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will increment each time the external timer pin receives a high to low transition. When it is full and overflows, an interrupt signal is generated and the Timer/Event Counter will reload the value already loaded into the preload register and continue counting. The interrupt can be disabled by ensuring that the Timer/Event Counter Interrupt Enable bit in the corresponding Interrupt Control Register is reset to zero. As the external timer pin is shared with an I/O pin, to ensure that the pin is configured to operate as an event counter input pin, two things have to happen. The first is to ensure that the Operating Mode Select bits in the Timer Control Register place the Timer/Event Counter in the Event Counting Mode, the second is to ensure that the port control register configures the pin as an input. It should be noted that in the event counting mode, even if the microcontroller is in the Idle/Sleep Mode, the Timer/Event Counter will continue to record externally changing logic events on the timer input TCn pin. As a result when the timer overflows it will generate a timer interrupt and corresponding wake-up source. Pulse Width Capture Mode In this mode, the Timer/Event Counter can be utilised to measure the width of external pulses applied to the external timer pin. To operate in this mode, the Operating Mode Select bit pair, TnM1/TnM0, in the Timer Control Register must be set to the correct value as shown. Control Register Operating Mode Select Bits for the Pulse Width Measurement Mode Bit7 Bit6 1 1 TnPSC2~TnPSC0, which are bits 2~0 in the Timer Control Register. After the other bits in the Timer Control Register have been setup, the enable bit TnON, which is bit 4 of the Timer Control Register, can be set high to enable the Timer/Event Counter, however it will not actually start counting until an active edge is received on the external timer pin. If the Active Edge Select bit TnEG, which is bit 3 of the Timer Control Register, is low, once a high to low transition has been received on the external timer pin, the Timer/Event Counter will start counting until the external timer pin returns to its original high level. At this point the enable bit will be automatically reset to zero and the Timer/Event Counter will stop counting. If the Active Edge Select bit is high, the Timer/Event Counter will begin counting once a low to high transition has been received on the external timer pin and stop counting when the external timer pin returns to its original low level. As before, the enable bit will be automatically reset to zero and the Timer/Event Counter will stop counting. It is important to note that in the pulse width capture Mode, the enable bit is automatically reset to zero when the external control signal on the external timer pin returns to its original level, whereas in the other two modes the enable bit can only be reset to zero under program control. The residual value in the Timer/Event Counter, which can now be read by the program, therefore represents the length of the pulse received on the TCn pin. As the enable bit has now been reset, any further transitions on the external timer pin will be ignored. The timer cannot begin further pulse width capture until the enable bit is set high again by the program. In this way, single shot pulse measurements can be easily made. It should be noted that in this mode the Timer/Event Counter is controlled by logical transitions on the external timer pin and not by the logic level. When the Timer/Event Counter is full and overflows, an interrupt
In this mode the internal clock, fSYS , fSYS/4 or the LXT, is used as the internal clock for the 8-bit Timer/Event Counter. However, the clock source, fSYS, for the 8-bit timer is further divided by a prescaler, the value of which is determined by the Prescaler Rate Select bits
E x te rn a l E v e n t In c re m e n t T im e r C o u n te r
T im e r + 1
T im e r + 2
T im e r + 3
Event Counter Mode Timing Chart (TnEG=1)
E x te rn a l T C n P in In p u t T n O N - w ith T n E = 0 P r e s c a le r O u tp u t In c re m e n t T im e r C o u n te r T im e r +1 +2 +3 +4
P r e s c a le r O u tp u t is s a m p le d a t e v e r y fa llin g e d g e o f T 1 .
Pulse Width Measure Mode Timing Chart (TnEG=0)
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signal is generated and the Timer/Event Counter will reload the value already loaded into the preload register and continue counting. The interrupt can be disabled by ensuring that the Timer/Event Counter Interrupt Enable bit in the corresponding Interrupt Control Register is reset to zero. As the TCn pin is shared with an I/O pin, to ensure that the pin is configured to operate as a pulse width capture pin, two things have to happen. The first is to ensure that the Operating Mode Select bits in the Timer Control Register place the Timer/Event Counter in the pulse width capture Mode, the second is to ensure that the port control register configures the pin as an input. Prescaler Bits T0PSC0~T0PSC2 of the TMR0C register can be used to define a division ratio for the internal clock source of the Timer/Event Counter enabling longer time out periods to be setup. PFD Function The Programmable Frequency Divider provides a means of producing a variable frequency output suitable for applications, such as piezo-buzzer driving or other interfaces requiring a precise frequency generator. Depending upon which device is used, there is either a single output, PFD, or a complimentary output pair, PFD and PFD. As the pins are shared with I/O pins, the function is selected using the CTRL0 register. Note that the PFD pin is the inverse of the PFD pin generating a complementary output and supplying more power to connected interfaces such as buzzers. The PFDEN[1:0] in CTRL0 register can select a single PFD pin or the complimentary pair PFD and PFD for those devices with dual outputs. The Timer/Event Counter overflow signal is the clock source for the PFD function, which is controlled by PFDCS bit in CTRL0. For applicable devices the clock source can come from either Timer/Event Counter 0 or Timer/Event Counter 1. The output frequency is controlled by loading the required values into the timer prescaler and timer registers to give the required division ratio. The counter will begin to count-up from this preload register value until full, at which point an overflow signal is generated, causing both the PFD and PFD outputs to change state. The counter will then be automatically reloaded with the preload register value and continue counting-up. If the CTRL0 register has selected the PFD function, then for both PFD outputs to operate, it is essential for the Port A control register PAC, to setup the PFD pins as outputs. If only one pin is setup as an output, the other pin can still be used as a normal data input pin. However, if both pins are setup as inputs then the PFD will not function. For devices with dual outputs the PFD outputs will only be activated if bit PA0 is set high. For devices with a single PFD output, bit PA1 must be set high to activate the PFD. These output data bits can be used as the on/off control bit for the PFD outputs. Note that the PFD outputs will all be low if the output data bit is cleared to zero.
T im e r O v e r flo w PFD C lo c k
P A 0 o r P A 1 D a ta
PFD
O u tp u t a t P A 0
PFD
O u tp u t a t P A 1
PFD Function - Complementary Outputs
T im e r O v e r flo w PFD C lo c k
P A 0 D a ta
PFD
O u tp u t a t P A 0
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Using this method of frequency generation, and if a crystal oscillator is used for the system clock, very precise values of frequency can be generated. I/O Interfacing The Timer/Event Counter, when configured to run in the event counter or pulse width capture mode, requires the use of an external timer pin for its operation. As this pin is a shared pin it must be configured correctly to ensure that it is setup for use as a Timer/Event Counter input pin. This is achieved by ensuring that the mode select bits in the Timer/Event Counter control register, select either the event counter or pulse width capture mode. Additionally the corresponding Port Control Register bit must be set high to ensure that the pin is setup as an input. Any pull-high resistor connected to this pin will remain valid even if the pin is used as a Timer/Event Counter input. Programming Considerations When configured to run in the timer mode, the internal system clock is used as the timer clock source and is therefore synchronised with the overall operation of the microcontroller. In this mode when the appropriate timer register is full, the microcontroller will generate an internal interrupt signal directing the program flow to the respective internal interrupt vector. For the pulse width capture mode, the internal system clock is also used as the timer clock source but the timer will only run when the correct logic condition appears on the external timer input pin. As this is an external event and not synchronised with the internal timer clock, the microcontroller will only see this external event when the next timer clock pulse arrives. As a result, there may be small differences in measured values requiring programmers to take this into account during programming. The same applies if the timer is configured to be in the event counting mode, which again is an external event and not synchronised with the internal system or timer clock. When the Timer/Event Counter is read, or if data is written to the preload register, the clock is inhibited to avoid errors, however as this may result in a counting error, this should be taken into account by the programmer. Care must be taken to ensure that the timers are properly initialised before using them for the first time. The associated timer enable bits in the interrupt control register must be properly set otherwise the internal interrupt associated with the timer will remain inactive. The edge select, timer mode and clock source control bits in timer control register must also be correctly set to ensure the timer is properly configured for the required application. It is also important to ensure that an initial value is first loaded into the timer registers before the timer is switched on; this is because after power-on the initial values of the timer registers are unknown. After the timer has been initialised the timer can be turned on and off by controlling the enable bit in the timer control register. When the Timer/Event Counter overflows, its corresponding interrupt request flag in the interrupt control register will be set. If the Timer/Event Counter interrupt is enabled this will in turn generate an interrupt signal. However irrespective of whether the interrupts are enabled or not, a Timer/Event Counter overflow will also generate a wake-up signal if the device is in a Power-down condition. This situation may occur if the Timer/Event Counter is in the Event Counting Mode and if the external signal continues to change state. In such a case, the Timer/Event Counter will continue to count these external events and if an overflow occurs the device will be woken up from its Power-down condition. To prevent such a wake-up from occurring, the timer interrupt request flag should first be set high before issuing the HALT instruction to enter the Idle/Sleep Mode. Timer Program Example The program shows how the Timer/Event Counter registers are setup along with how the interrupts are enabled and managed. Note how the Timer/Event Counter is turned on, by setting bit 4 of the Timer Control Register. The Timer/Event Counter can be turned off in a similar way by clearing the same bit. This example program sets the Timer/Event Counters to be in the timer mode, which uses the internal system clock as their clock source.
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* Timer Programming Example
org
04h
; external interrupt vector
org 08h ; Timer Counter 0 interrupt vector jmp tmr0int ; jump here when Timer 0 overflows : : org 20h ; main program : : ;internal Timer 0 interrupt routine tmr0int: : ; Timer 0 main program placed here : : begin: ;setup Timer 0 registers mov a,09bh ; setup Timer 0 preload value mov tmr0,a mov a,081h ; setup Timer 0 control register mov tmr0c,a ; timer mode and prescaler set to /2 ;setup interrupt register mov a,00dh ; enable master interrupt and both timer interrupts mov intc0,a : : set tmr0c.4 ; start Timer 0 : :
Time Base
The device includes a Time Base function which is used to generate a regular time interval signal. The Time Base time interval magnitude is determined using an internal 13 stage counter sets the division ratio of the clock source. This division ratio is controlled by both the TBSEL0 and TBSEL1 bits in the CTRL1 register. The clock source is selected using the T0S bit in the TMR0C register. When the Time Base time out, a Time Base interrupt signal will be generated. It should be noted that as the Time Base clock source is the same as the Timer/Event Counter clock source, care should be taken when programming.
Operational Amplifiers
There are two fully integrated Operational Amplifiers in the device, OPA0 and OPA1. These OPAs can be used for user specified analog signal processing. The OPAs can be disabled or enabled entirely under software control using internal registers. With specific control registers, some OPA related applications can be easily implemented, such as Unity Gain Buffer, Non-Inverting Amplifier, Inverting Amplifier and various kinds of filters, etc. Comparator & Operational Amplifier Registers The internal Operational Amplifiers are fully under the control of internal registers, COPA0C, COPA1C, COPA2C, COPA3C, OPA0OC and OPA1OC. These control the enable/disable function, input path selection, gain control, polarity and calibration function.
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Operational Amplifier Operation The advantages of multiple switches and input path options, various reference voltage selection, up to 8 kinds of internal software gain control, output with interrupt function, offset reference voltage calibration function and power down control for low power consumption enhance the flexibility of these two OPAs to suit a wide range of application possibilities. Note that the EA0I, EA1I interrupt control bits should be set to 0 before entering halt mode for power saving. The following block diagram illustrates the main functional blocks of the OPAs and Comparator in this device.
S12 S11 A0N EA0I A0X To OPA0 interrupt
A0
A0P 0.7VDD 0.5VDD 0.1VDD MA0P MUX
S13 A0X
A0PS[2:0]
A1NS[1:0] S21 MA1N R1 10K R2 500K EA1I A1X To OPA1 interrupt S22 S23
A1N
MUX
A1P 0.7VDD 0.5VDD 0.1VDD MA1P MUX
A1
CINTS[1:0] A1PS[2:0] S24 A1X MCN TC0 pin CNS[1:0] Edge control
=00: rasing edge =01: falling edge =10: both edge to interrupt
MUX CN CP 0.7VDD 0.5VDD 0.1VDD
POL
mux C
MCP MUX debounce CX (COUT) TMR0S
To timer 0 external clock input
CPS[2:0] CX
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HT45R22E
* COPA0C Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7~5
7 A0PS2 R/W 0
6 A0PS1 R/W 0
5 A0PS0 R/W 0
4 CPS2 R/W 0
3 CPS1 R/W 0
2 CPS0 R/W 0
1 CNS1 R/W 0
0 CNS0 R/W 0
A0PS2~A0PS0: OPA0 Non-inverting input signal selection bits 000: A0P pin 001: 0.7VDD 010: 0.5VDD 011: 0.1VDD 100: VSS CPS2~CPS0: Comparator Non-inverting input signal selection bits 000: CP pin 001: 0.7VDD 010: 0.5VDD 011: 0.1VDD 100: VSS CNS1~CNS0: Comparator Inverting input signal selection bits 00: CN pin 01: A1X 10: VSS 11: Unimplemented
Bit 4~2
Bit 1~0
* COPA1C Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7~5
7 A1G2 R/W 0
6 A1G1 R/W 0
5 A1G0 R/W 0
4 A1PS2 R/W 0
3 A1PS1 R/W 0
2 A1PS0 R/W 0
1 A1NS1 R/W 0
0 A1NS0 R/W 0
A1G2~A1G0: OPA1 Gain control bits 000: 6.25 001: 12.5 010: 18.75 011: 25 100: 31.25 101: 37.5 110: 43.75 111: 50 A1PS2~A1PS0: OPA1 Non-inverting input signal selection bits 000: A1P pin 001: 0.7VDD 010: 0.5VDD 011: 0.1VDD 100: VSS 101: A0X, the OPA0 internal output pin A1NS1~A1NS0: OPA1 Inverting input signal selection bits 00: A1N pin 01: A0X, the OPA0 internal output pin 10: VSS 11: Unimplemented
Bit 4~2
Bit 1~0
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HT45R22E
* COPA2C Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7
7 S24 R/W 0
6 S23 R/W 0
5 S22 R/W 0
4 S21 R/W 0
3 S13 R/W 0
2 S12 R/W 0
1 S11 R/W 0
0 CXC R/W 0
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
S24: Switch S24 on/off control bit 0: Off 1: On S23: Switch S23 on/off control bit 0: Off 1: On S22: Switch S22 on/off control bit 0: Off 1: On S21: Switch S21 on/off control bit 0: Off 1: On S13: Switch S13 on/off control bit 0: Off 1: On S12: Switch S12 on/off control bit 0: Off 1: On S11: Switch S11 on/off control bit 0: Off 1: On CXC: PC1/CX pin is as CX pin or GPIO (PC1) control bit 0: PC1 pin 1: CX pin (I/O pull-high disable)
* COPA3C Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7
7 A1XC R/W 0
6 A1PC R/W 0
5 A1NC R/W 0
4 A0XC R/W 0
3 A0PC R/W 0
2 A0NC R/W 0
1 CPC R/W 0
0 CNC R/W 0
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
A1XC: PA1/PFD/A1X pin is as A1X pin or the other pin functions control bit 0: the other pin functions 1: A1X pin (I/O pull-high disable) A1PC: PC6/A1P pin is as A1P pin or GPIO (PC6) control bit 0: PC6 pin 1: A1P pin (I/O pull-high disable) A1NC: PA0/PFD/A1N pin is as A1N pin or the other pin functions control bit 0: the other pin functions 1: A1N pin (I/O pull-high disable) A0XC: PA2/TC0/A0X pin is as A0X pin or the other pin functions control bit 0: the other pin functions 1: A0X pin (I/O pull-high disable) A0PC: PA4/TC1/A0P pin is as A0P pin or the other pin functions control bit 0: the other pin functions 1: A0P pin (I/O pull-high disable) A0NC: PA3/INT/A0N pin is as A0N pin or the other pin functions control bit 0: the other pin functions 1: A0N pin (I/O pull-high disable) CPC: PC7/CP pin is as CP pin or GPIO (PC7) control bit 0: PC7 pin 1: CP pin (I/O pull-high disable) CNC: PC0/CN pin is as CP pin or GPIO (PC0) control bit 0: PC0 pin 1: CN pin (I/O pull-high disable) 44 March 17, 2010
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HT45R22E
* OPA0OC Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7
7 A0EN R/W 0
6 A0OP R 0
5 A0OFM R/W 0
4 A0RS R/W 0
3 A0OF3 R/W 0
2 A0OF2 R/W 0
1 A0OF1 R/W 0
0 A0OF0 R/W 0
A0EN: Operational amplifier OPA0 enable/disable 0: disable 1: enable A0OP: Operational amplifier output; positive logic. This bit is read only. A0OFM: Operational amplifier mode or input offset voltage cancellation mode 0: operational amplifier mode 1: input offset voltage cancellation mode A0RS: Operational amplifier input offset voltage cancellation reference selection bit 0: select OPN as the reference input 1: select OPP as the reference input A0OF3~A0OF0: Operational amplifier input offset voltage cancellation control bits
Bit 6 Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3~0
* OPA1OC Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7
7 A1EN R/W 0
6 A1OP R 0
5 A1OFM R/W 0
4 A1RS R/W 0
3 A1OF3 R/W 0
2 A1OF2 R/W 0
1 A1OF1 R/W 0
0 A1OF0 R/W 0
A1EN: Operational amplifier OPA1 enable/disable 0: disable 1: enable A1OP: Operational amplifier output; positive logic. This bit is read only. A1OFM: Operational amplifier mode or input offset voltage cancellation mode 0: operational amplifier mode 1: input offset voltage cancellation mode A1RS: Operational amplifier input offset voltage cancellation reference selection bit 0: select OPN as the reference input 1: select OPP as the reference input A1OF3~A1OF0: Operational amplifier input offset voltage cancellation control bits
Bit 6 Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3~0
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Operational Amplifier Offset Cancellation function Each of the internal OPAs allows for a commode mode adjustment method of its input offset voltage. A0RS 0 0 1 1
A0P A0N
Comparator
The device contains a fully integrated Comparator whose operation is controlled by the Comparator control registers, known as the CMP0C, CMP1C, COPA0C, COPA2C and COPA3C registers. The CEN bit within CMP0C register is used as the enable or disable bit for the comparator function. The advantages of multiple input resources, multiple reference voltage options, output polarity control, output to Timer counter, multiple output interrupt triggers, comparator output wakeup MCU function, comparator output with de-bounce options, comparator operating current selection and power down control for low power consumption enhance the flexibility of this comparator to suit a wide range of application possibilities. Functions
A0OFM 0 1 0 1
S1A S2A S3A
S1A ON OFF ON ON
S2A ON ON ON OFF
S3A OFF ON OFF ON
A0O P
A0O F0~A0O F3 A0EN A0X
A1RS 0 0 1 1
A1P A1N
A1OFM 0 1 0 1
S1B S2B 1 .5 k W S3B
S1B ON OFF ON ON
S2B ON ON ON OFF
S3B OFF ON OFF ON
A1O P
A1O F0~A1O F3 A1EN
A1X
The calibration steps are as following: 1. Set A0OFM=1 to setup the offset cancellation mode, here S3A is closed. 2. Set A0RS to select which input pin is to be used as the reference voltage - S1 or S2 is closed 3. Adjust A0OF0~A0OF3 until the output status changes 4. Set A0OFM = 0 to restore the normal OPA mode 5. Repeat the same procedure from steps 1 to 4 for OPA1.
The Comparator can work with OPAs or standalone as shown in the main functional blocks of the OPAs and Comparator in this device. This comparator provides three operating current options, which are 200mA, 5mA and 1mA. The purpose of this design is to provide the suitable comparator power consumption for different operating modes of the device. The higher the operating current, the shorter the comparator response time, therefore, the designer can select the higher operating current for the device working at normal mode and a lower one for the device entering power down mode. By this way, this comparator can operate under very low power consumption and perform as a wakeup resource when the device enters power down mode. In addition, this device provides different comparator output de-bounce time options for different input signal. If the input signal is noise sensitive, then the better choice will be the longer de-bounce time. The designer could select the suitable de-bounce time according to the input signal.
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HT45R22E
* CMP0C Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7 Bit 6
7 3/4 3/4 0
6 CEN R/W 0
5 CPOL R/W 0
4 COUT R 0
3 DBC1 R/W 0
2 DBC0 R/W 0
1 CPCS1 R/W 0
0 CPCS0 R/W 0
unimplemented, read as 0 CEN: comparator on/off bit 0: off 1: on Note that the designer should enable the comparator first before enabling the comparator interrupt, in order to prevent an unexpected interrupt. CPOL: comparator output polarity control bit 0: not inverted 1: inverted COUT: comparator output bit. CPOL=0: If the CP pin input voltage is less than CN pin, then the COUT is 0. If the CP pin input voltage is greater than CN pin, then the COUT is 1. CPOL=1: If the CP pin input voltage is less than CN pin, then the COUT is 1. If the CP pin input voltage is greater than CN pin, then the COUT is 0. DBC1, DBC0: De-bounce time selection, up to application signal 00: no de-bounce 01: de-bounce time= 1 system clock 10: de-bounce time= 4 system clock 11: de-bounce time= 16 system clock CPCS1, CPCS0]: Comparator operating current selection for low power consumption 00: 200mA 01: 5mA 10: 1mA 11: not implemented
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3~2
Bit 1~0
* CMP1C Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit7
7 A0VRC R/W 0
6 A1VRC R/W 0
5 CPVRC R/W 0
4 3/4 3/4 0
3 TMR0S R/W 0
2 3/4 3/4 0
1 CINTS1 R/W 0
0 CINTS0 R/W 0
A0VRC: OPA0 non-inverting input connection control bit 0: connected to internal reference voltage only 1: connected to both internal reference voltage and external I/O (A0P) pin A1VRC: OPA1 non-inverting input connection control bit 0: connected to internal reference voltage only 1: connected to both internal reference voltage and external I/O (A1P) pin CPVRC: Comparator non-inverting input connection control bit 0: connected to internal reference voltage only 1: connected to both internal reference voltage and external I/O (CP) pin Note that the above setting of these three bits, which are A0VRC, A1VRC and CPVRC, is valid when the non inverting input pins are selected to be connected to the internal reference voltage by A0PS[2:0],A1PS[2:0] and CPS[2:0] control bits respectively. unimplemented, read as 0 TMR0S: signal input path selection for Timer 0 Event counter 0: from TC0 pin 1: from comparator output CINTS1, CINTS0: comparator interrupt trigger type selection 00: falling edge 01: rising edge 10: both edge 11: reserved 47 March 17, 2010
Bit6
Bit5
Bit 4, 2 Bit 3
Bit 1~0
Rev. 1.00
HT45R22E
Interrupts
Interrupts are an important part of any microcontroller system. When an external event or an internal function such as a Timer/Event Counter or Time Base requires microcontroller attention, their corresponding interrupt will enforce a temporary suspension of the main program allowing the microcontroller to direct attention to their respective needs. The device contains a single external interrupt and multiple internal interrupts. The external interrupt is controlled by the action of the external interrupt pin, while the internal interrupts are generated by the various functions such as Timer/Event Counters, OPAs, Comparator and Time Base. Interrupt Register Overall interrupt control, which means interrupt enabling and request flag setting, is controlled by using two registers, INTC0 and INTC1. By controlling the appropriate enable bits in this registers each individual interrupt can be enabled or disabled. Also when an interrupt occurs, the corresponding request flag will be set by the microcontroller. The global enable control bit if cleared to zero will disable all interrupts. Interrupt Operation A Timer/Event Counter overflow, an active edge on the external interrupt pin, a comparator output transition, an OPA output falling edge or a Time Base event will all generate an interrupt request by setting their corresponding request flag, if their appropriate interrupt enable bit is set. When this happens, the Program Counter, which stores the address of the next instruction to be executed, will be transferred onto the stack. The Program Counter will then be loaded with a new address which will be the value of the corresponding interrupt vector. The microcontroller will then fetch its next instruction from this interrupt vector. The instruction at this vector will usually be a JMP statement which will jump to another section of program which is known as the interrupt service routine. Here is located the code to control the appropriate interrupt. The interrupt service routine must be terminated with a RETI instruction, which retrieves the original Program Counter address from the stack and allows the microcontroller to continue with normal execution at the point where the interrupt occurred. The various interrupt enable bits, together with their associated request flags, are shown in the following diagram with their order of priority. Once an interrupt subroutine is serviced, all the other interrupts will be blocked, as the EMI bit will be cleared automatically. This will prevent any further interrupt nesting from occurring. However, if other interrupt requests occur during this interval, although the interrupt will not be immediately serviced, the request flag will still be recorded. If an interrupt requires immediate servicing while the program is already in another interrupt service routine, the EMI bit should be set after entering the routine, to allow interrupt nesting. If the stack is full, the interrupt request will not be acknowledged, even if the related interrupt is enabled, until the Stack Pointer is decremented. If immediate service is desired, the stack must be prevented from becoming full. When an interrupt request is generated, it takes 2 or 3 instruction cycle before the program jumps to the interrupt vector. If the device is in the Sleep or Idle Mode and is woken up by an interrupt request, then it will take 3 cycles before the program jumps to the interrupt vector.
Main Program Interrupt Request or Interrupt Flag Set by Instruction
N
Enable Bit Set ?
Y Main Program Automatically Disable Interrupt Clear EMI & Request Flag
Wait for 2 ~ 3 Instruction Cycles
ISR Entry
RETI (it will set EMI automatically)
Interrupt Flow
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HT45R22E
A u to m a tic a lly C le a r e d b y IS R M a n u a lly S e t o r C le a r e d b y S o ftw a r e E x te rn a l In te rru p t R e q u e s t F la g E IF T im e r /E v e n t C o u n te r 0 In te r r u p t R e q u e s t F la g T 0 F T im e r /E v e n t C o u n te r 1 In te r r u p t R e q u e s t F la g T 1 F T im e B a s e In te r r u p t R e q u e s t F la g T B F M u lti- fu n c tio n In te r r u p t R e q u e s t F la g M F F A u to m a tic a lly D is a b le d w h e n in te r r u p t e v e n t is s e r v ic e d E n a b le d m a n u a lly o r a u to m a tic a lly w ith R E T I in s tr u c tio n EEI EMI P r io r ity H ig h
ET0I
EMI
ET1I
EMI
In te rru p t P o llin g
ETBI EM FI
EMI
EMI
Low
C o m p a ra to r In te rru p t R e q u e s t F la g C F O P A 0 In te rru p t R e q u e s t F la g A 0 F O P A 1 In te rru p t R e q u e s t F la g A 1 F
ECI
EA0I EA1I
Interrupt Scheme
Interrupt Priority Interrupts, occurring in the interval between the rising edges of two consecutive T2 pulses, will be serviced on the latter of the two T2 pulses, if the corresponding interrupts are enabled. In case of simultaneous requests, the following table shows the priority that is applied. These can be masked by resetting the EMI bit. Interrupt Source External Interrupt Timer/Event Counter 0 Overflow Timer/Event Counter 1 Overflow Time Base Overflow Multi-function Interrupt (Comparator, OPA0, OPA1) Priority Vector 1 2 3 4 5 04H 08H 0CH 14H 18H
appears on the external INT line. The type of transition that will trigger an external interrupt, whether high to low, low to high or both is determined by the INTEG0 and INTEG1 bits, which are bits 6 and 7 respectively, in the CTRL1 control register. These two bits can also disable the external interrupt function. INTEG1 0 0 1 1 INTEG0 0 1 0 1 Edge Trigger Type External interrupt disable Rising edge Trigger Falling edge Trigger Both edge Trigger
In cases where both external and internal interrupts are enabled and where an external and internal interrupt occurs simultaneously, the external interrupt will always have priority and will therefore be serviced first. Suitable masking of the individual interrupts using the interrupt registers can prevent simultaneous occurrences. External Interrupt For an external interrupt to occur, the global interrupt enable bit, EMI, and external interrupt enable bit, EEI, must first be set. An actual external interrupt will take place when the external interrupt request flag, EIF, is set, a situation that will occur when an edge transition Rev. 1.00 49
The external interrupt pin is pin-shared with the I/O pin PA3 and can only be configured as an external interrupt pin if the corresponding external interrupt enable bit in the INTC0 register has been set and the edge trigger type has been selected using the CTRL1 register. The pin must also be setup as an input by setting the corresponding PAC.3 bit in the port control register. When the interrupt is enabled, the stack is not full and an active transition appears on the external interrupt pin, a subroutine call to the external interrupt vector at location 04H, will take place. When the interrupt is serviced, the external interrupt request flag, EIF, will be automatically reset and the EMI bit will be automatically cleared to disable other interrupts. Note that any pull-high resistor connections on this pin will remain valid even if the pin is used as an external interrupt input.
March 17, 2010
HT45R22E
* INTC0 Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7 Bit 6
7 3/4 3/4 3/4
6 T1F R/W 0
5 T0F R/W 0
4 EIF R/W 0
3 ET1I R/W 0
2 ET0I R/W 0
1 EEI R/W 0
0 EMI R/W 0
unimplemented, read as 0 T1F: Timer/Event Counter 1 interrupt request flag 0: inactive 1: active T0F: Timer/Event Counter 0 interrupt request flag 0: inactive 1: active EIF: External interrupt request flag 0: inactive 1: active ET1I: Timer/Event Counter 1 interrupt enable 0: disable 1: enable ET0I: Timer/Event Counter 0 interrupt enable 0: disable 1: enable EEI: External interrupt enable 0: disable 1: enable EMI: Master interrupt global enable 0: disable 1: enable
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
* INTC1 Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7 Bit 6
7 3/4 3/4 3/4
6 MFF R/W 0
5 TBF R/W 0
4 3/4 3/4 3/4
3 3/4 3/4 3/4
2 EMFI R/W 0
1 ETBI R/W 0
0 3/4 3/4 3/4
unimplemented, read as 0 MFF: Multi-function interrupt request flag 0: inactive 1: active TBF: Time Base event interrupt request flag 0: inactive 1: active unimplemented, read as 0 EMFI: Multi-function interrupt enable 0: disable 1: enable ETBI: Time Base event interrupt enable 0: disable 1: enable unimplemented, read as 0
Bit 5
Bit 4~3 Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
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HT45R22E
* MFIC Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7 Bit 6
7 3/4 3/4 3/4
6 A1F R/W 0
5 A0F R/W 0
4 CF R/W 0
3 3/4 3/4 3/4
2 EA1I R/W 0
1 EA0I R/W 0
0 ECI R/W 0
unimplemented, read as 0 A1F: OPA1 interrupt request flag 0: inactive 1: active A0F: OPA0 interrupt request flag 0: inactive 1: active CF: Comparator interrupt request flag 0: inactive 1: active unimplemented, read as 0 EA1I: OPA1 interrupt enable 0: disable 1: enable EA0I: OPA0 interrupt enable 0: disable 1: enable ECI: Comparator interrupt enable 0: disable 1: enable
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3 Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Timer/Event Counter Interrupt For a Timer/Event Counter interrupt to occur, the global interrupt enable bit, EMI, and the corresponding timer interrupt enable bit, ETnI, must first be set. An actual Timer/Event Counter interrupt will take place when the Timer/Event Counter request flag, TnF, is set, a situation that will occur when the relevant Timer/Event Counter overflows. When the interrupt is enabled, the stack is not full and a Timer/Event Counter n overflow occurs, a subroutine call to the relevant timer interrupt vector, will take place. When the interrupt is serviced, the timer interrupt request flag, TnF, will be automatically reset and the EMI bit will be automatically cleared to disable other interrupts. Time Base Interrupt For a time base interrupt to occur the global interrupt enable bit EMI and the corresponding interrupt enable bit ETBI, must first be set. An actual Time Base interrupt will take place when the time base request flag TBF is set, a situation that will occur when the Time Base overflows. When the interrupt is enabled, the stack is not full and a time base overflow occurs a subroutine call to time base vector will take place. When the interrupt is serviced, the time base interrupt flag, TBF will be automatically reset and the EMI bit will be automatically cleared to disable other interrupts.
Multi-function Interrupt For a Multi-function interrupt to occur, the global interrupt enable bit, EMI, and the corresponding multi-function interrupt enable bit, EMFI, must first be set. An actual Multi-function interrupt will take place when the Multi-function interrupt request flag, MFF, is set, a situation that will occur when OPA0 or OPA1 output has a falling edge, or a Comparator output transition occurs. When the interrupt is enabled, the stack is not full and a Multi-function interrupt request occurs, a subroutine call to the Multi-function interrupt vector at location 18H, will take place. When the interrupt is serviced, the Multi-function interrupt request flag, MFF, will be automatically reset and the EMI bit will be automatically cleared to disable other interrupts. After the Multi-function took place, the programmer can check what the interrupt source was by interrogating the request flags, A0F, A1F or CF within the MFIC register. Programming Considerations By disabling the interrupt enable bits, a requested interrupt can be prevented from being serviced, however, once an interrupt request flag is set, it will remain in this condition in the interrupt register until the corresponding interrupt is serviced or until the request flag is cleared by a software instruction. It is recommended that programs do not use the CALL subroutine instruction within the interrupt subroutine. 51 March 17, 2010
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Interrupts often occur in an unpredictable manner or need to be serviced immediately in some applications. If only one stack is left and the interrupt is not well controlled, the original control sequence will be damaged once a CALL subroutine is executed in the interrupt subroutine. All of these interrupts have the capability of waking up the processor when in the Idle/Sleep Mode. Only the Program Counter is pushed onto the stack. If the contents of the register or status register are altered by the interrupt service program, which may corrupt the desired control sequence, then the contents should be saved in advance.
V
DD
The SCOMEN bit in the SCOMC register is the overall master control for the LCD Driver, however this bit is used in conjunction with the COMnEN bits to select which Port B pins are used for LCD driving. Note that the Port Control register does not need to first setup the pins as outputs to enable the LCD driver operation.
V
DD
SCOM /2
o p e r a tin g c u r r e n t SC O M 0~ SCOM3 CO M nEN SCOMEN
LCD SCOM Function
The devices have the capability of driving external LCD panels. The common pins for LCD driving, SCOM0~ SCOM3, are pin shared with certain pin on the PB0~ PB3 port. The LCD signals (COM and SEG) are generated using the application program. LCD Operation An external LCD panel can be driven using this device by configuring the PB0~PB3 pins as common pins and using other output ports lines as segment pins. The LCD driver function is controlled using the SCOMC register which in addition to controlling the overall on/off function also controls the bias voltage setup function. This enables the LCD COM driver to generate the necessary VDD/2 voltage levels for LCD 1/2 bias operation. SCOM Circuit SCOMEN 0 1 1 COMnEN X 0 1 Pin Function I/O I/O SCOMN O/P Level 0 or 1 0 or 1 VDD/2
Output Control LCD Bias Control The LCD COM driver enables a range of selections to be provided to suit the requirement of the LCD panel which is being used. The bias resistor choice is implemented using the ISEL1 and ISEL0 bits in the SCOMC register.
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HT45R22E
* SCOMC Register
Bit Name R/W POR Bit 7
7 3/4 R/W 0
6 ISEL1 R/W 0
5 ISEL0 R/W 0
4 SCOMEN R/W 0
3 COM3EN R/W 0
2 COM2EN R/W 0
1 COM1EN R/W 0
0 COM0EN R/W 0
Reserved bit 1: Unpredictable operation - bit must NOT be set high 0: Correct level - bit must be reset to zero for correct operation ISEL1, ISEL0: SCOM operating current selection (VDD=3V) 00: 25mA 01: 50mA 10: 100mA 11: 200mA SCOMEN: SCOM module On/Off control 0: disable 1: enable SCOMn can be enable by COMnEN if SCOMEN=1 COM3EN: PB3 or SCOM3 selection 0: GPIO 1: SCOM3 COM2EN: PB2 or SCOM2 selection 0: GPIO 1: SCOM2 COM1EN: PB1 or SCOM1 selection 0: GPIO 1: SCOM1 COM0EN: PB0 or SCOM0 selection 0: GPIO 1: SCOM0
Bit 6,5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Configuration Options
Configuration options refer to certain options within the MCU that are programmed into the OTP Program Memory device during the programming process. During the development process, these options are selected using the HT-IDE software development tools. As these options are programmed into the device using the hardware programming tools, once they are selected they can not be changed later by the application software. All options must be defined for proper system function, the details of which are shown in the table. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Watchdog Timer: enable or disable Watchdog Timer clock source: LXT, LIRC or fSYS/4 Note: LXT oscillator must be selected by OSC configuration option if WDT clock source is from LXT. CLRWDT instructions: 1 or 2 instructions System oscillator configuration: HXT, HIRC, ERC, HIRC + LXT LVR function: enable or disable LVR voltage: 2.10V RES or PA7 pin function SST: 1024 or 2 clocks (determine tSST for HIRC/ERC) Internal RC: 4095kHz Options
Rev. 1.00
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HT45R22E
Application Circuits
V 0 .0 1 m F * *
DD
VDD P A 0 /P F D /A 1 N 10kW ~ 100kW 300W * RES Reset C ir c u it P A 1 /P F D /A 1 X P A 2 /T C 0 /A 0 X P A 3 /IN T /A 0 N P A 4 /T C 1 /A 0 P PB0~PB7 VSS P C 0 /C P C 1 /C PC 2~PC P C 6 /A 1 P C 7 /C N X 5 P P
0 .1 m F
1N4148*
0 .1 ~ 1 m F
OSC C ir c u it S e e O s c illa to r S e c tio n
OSC1 OSC2
Note:
* It is recommended that this component is added for added ESD protection. ** It is recommended that this component is added in environments where power line noise is significant.
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HT45R22E
Instruction Set
Introduction C e n t ra l t o t he s uc c es s f ul oper a t i on o f a n y microcontroller is its instruction set, which is a set of program instruction codes that directs the microcontroller to perform certain operations. In the case of Holtek microcontrollers, a comprehensive and flexible set of over 60 instructions is provided to enable programmers to implement their application with the minimum of programming overheads. For easier understanding of the various instruction codes, they have been subdivided into several functional groupings. Instruction Timing Most instructions are implemented within one instruction cycle. The exceptions to this are branch, call, or table read instructions where two instruction cycles are required. One instruction cycle is equal to 4 system clock cycles, therefore in the case of an 4MHz system oscillator, most instructions would be implemented within 1ms and branch or call instructions would be implemented within 2ms. Although instructions which require one more cycle to implement are generally limited to the JMP, CALL, RET, RETI and table read instructions, it is important to realize that any other instructions which involve manipulation of the Program Counter Low register or PCL will also take one more cycle to implement. As instructions which change the contents of the PCL will imply a direct jump to that new address, one more cycle will be required. Examples of such instructions would be CLR PCL or MOV PCL, A. For the case of skip instructions, it must be noted that if the result of the comparison involves a skip operation then this will also take one more cycle, if no skip is involved then only one cycle is required. Moving and Transferring Data The transfer of data within the microcontroller program is one of the most frequently used operations. Making use of three kinds of MOV instructions, data can be transferred from registers to the Accumulator and vice-versa as well as being able to move specific immediate data directly into the Accumulator. One of the most important data transfer applications is to receive data from the input ports and transfer data to the output ports. Arithmetic Operations The ability to perform certain arithmetic operations and data manipulation is a necessary feature of most microcontroller applications. Within the Holtek microcontroller instruction set are a range of add and subtract instruction mnemonics to enable the necessary arithmetic to be carried out. Care must be taken to ensure correct handling of carry and borrow data when results exceed 255 for addition and less than 0 for subtraction. The increment and decrement instructions INC, INCA, DEC and DECA provide a simple means of increasing or decreasing by a value of one of the values in the destination specified. Logical and Rotate Operations The standard logical operations such as AND, OR, XOR and CPL all have their own instruction within the Holtek microcontroller instruction set. As with the case of most instructions involving data manipulation, data must pass through the Accumulator which may involve additional programming steps. In all logical data operations, the zero flag may be set if the result of the operation is zero. Another form of logical data manipulation comes from the rotate instructions such as RR, RL, RRC and RLC which provide a simple means of rotating one bit right or left. Different rotate instructions exist depending on program requirements. Rotate instructions are useful for serial port programming applications where data can be rotated from an internal register into the Carry bit from where it can be examined and the necessary serial bit set high or low. Another application where rotate data operations are used is to implement multiplication and division calculations. Branches and Control Transfer Program branching takes the form of either jumps to specified locations using the JMP instruction or to a subroutine using the CALL instruction. They differ in the sense that in the case of a subroutine call, the program must return to the instruction immediately when the subroutine has been carried out. This is done by placing a return instruction RET in the subroutine which will cause the program to jump back to the address right after the CALL instruction. In the case of a JMP instruction, the program simply jumps to the desired location. There is no requirement to jump back to the original jumping off point as in the case of the CALL instruction. One special and extremely useful set of branch instructions are the conditional branches. Here a decision is first made regarding the condition of a certain data memory or individual bits. Depending upon the conditions, the program will continue with the next instruction or skip over it and jump to the following instruction. These instructions are the key to decision making and branching within the program perhaps determined by the condition of certain input switches or by the condition of internal data bits.
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Bit Operations The ability to provide single bit operations on Data Memory is an extremely flexible feature of all Holtek microcontrollers. This feature is especially useful for output port bit programming where individual bits or port pins can be directly set high or low using either the SET [m].i or CLR [m].i instructions respectively. The feature removes the need for programmers to first read the 8-bit output port, manipulate the input data to ensure that other bits are not changed and then output the port with the correct new data. This read-modify-write process is taken care of automatically when these bit operation instructions are used. Table Read Operations Data storage is normally implemented by using registers. However, when working with large amounts of fixed data, the volume involved often makes it inconvenient to store the fixed data in the Data Memory. To overcome this problem, Holtek microcontrollers allow an area of Program Memory to be setup as a table where data can be directly stored. A set of easy to use instructions provides the means by which this fixed data can be referenced and retrieved from the Program Memory. Other Operations In addition to the above functional instructions, a range of other instructions also exist such as the HALT instruction for Power-down operations and instructions to control the operation of the Watchdog Timer for reliable program operations under extreme electric or electromagnetic environments. For their relevant operations, refer to the functional related sections. Instruction Set Summary The following table depicts a summary of the instruction set categorised according to function and can be consulted as a basic instruction reference using the following listed conventions. Table conventions: x: Bits immediate data m: Data Memory address A: Accumulator i: 0~7 number of bits addr: Program memory address
Mnemonic Arithmetic ADD A,[m] ADDM A,[m] ADD A,x ADC A,[m] ADCM A,[m] SUB A,x SUB A,[m] SUBM A,[m] SBC A,[m] SBCM A,[m] DAA [m] AND A,[m] OR A,[m] XOR A,[m] ANDM A,[m] ORM A,[m] XORM A,[m] AND A,x OR A,x XOR A,x CPL [m] CPLA [m] INCA [m] INC [m] DECA [m] DEC [m]
Description Add Data Memory to ACC Add ACC to Data Memory Add immediate data to ACC Add Data Memory to ACC with Carry Add ACC to Data memory with Carry Subtract immediate data from the ACC Subtract Data Memory from ACC Subtract Data Memory from ACC with result in Data Memory Subtract Data Memory from ACC with Carry Subtract Data Memory from ACC with Carry, result in Data Memory Decimal adjust ACC for Addition with result in Data Memory Logical AND Data Memory to ACC Logical OR Data Memory to ACC Logical XOR Data Memory to ACC Logical AND ACC to Data Memory Logical OR ACC to Data Memory Logical XOR ACC to Data Memory Logical AND immediate Data to ACC Logical OR immediate Data to ACC Logical XOR immediate Data to ACC Complement Data Memory Complement Data Memory with result in ACC Increment Data Memory with result in ACC Increment Data Memory Decrement Data Memory with result in ACC Decrement Data Memory
Cycles 1 1Note 1 1 1Note 1 1 1Note 1 1Note 1Note 1 1 1 1Note 1Note 1Note 1 1 1 1Note 1 1 1Note 1 1Note
Flag Affected Z, C, AC, OV Z, C, AC, OV Z, C, AC, OV Z, C, AC, OV Z, C, AC, OV Z, C, AC, OV Z, C, AC, OV Z, C, AC, OV Z, C, AC, OV Z, C, AC, OV C Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Logic Operation
Increment & Decrement
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Mnemonic Rotate RRA [m] RR [m] RRCA [m] RRC [m] RLA [m] RL [m] RLCA [m] RLC [m] Data Move MOV A,[m] MOV [m],A MOV A,x Bit Operation CLR [m].i SET [m].i Branch JMP addr SZ [m] SZA [m] SZ [m].i SNZ [m].i SIZ [m] SDZ [m] SIZA [m] SDZA [m] CALL addr RET RET A,x RETI Table Read TABRDC [m] TABRDL [m] Miscellaneous NOP CLR [m] SET [m] CLR WDT CLR WDT1 CLR WDT2 SWAP [m] SWAPA [m] HALT Note: No operation Clear Data Memory Set Data Memory Clear Watchdog Timer Pre-clear Watchdog Timer Pre-clear Watchdog Timer Swap nibbles of Data Memory Swap nibbles of Data Memory with result in ACC Enter Idle/Sleep Mode 1 1Note 1Note 1 1 1 1Note 1 1 None None None TO, PDF TO, PDF TO, PDF None None TO, PDF Read table (current page) to TBLH and Data Memory Read table (last page) to TBLH and Data Memory 2Note 2Note None None Jump unconditionally Skip if Data Memory is zero Skip if Data Memory is zero with data movement to ACC Skip if bit i of Data Memory is zero Skip if bit i of Data Memory is not zero Skip if increment Data Memory is zero Skip if decrement Data Memory is zero Skip if increment Data Memory is zero with result in ACC Skip if decrement Data Memory is zero with result in ACC Subroutine call Return from subroutine Return from subroutine and load immediate data to ACC Return from interrupt 2 1Note 1note 1Note 1Note 1Note 1Note 1Note 1Note 2 2 2 2 None None None None None None None None None None None None None Clear bit of Data Memory Set bit of Data Memory 1Note 1Note None None Move Data Memory to ACC Move ACC to Data Memory Move immediate data to ACC 1 1Note 1 None None None Rotate Data Memory right with result in ACC Rotate Data Memory right Rotate Data Memory right through Carry with result in ACC Rotate Data Memory right through Carry Rotate Data Memory left with result in ACC Rotate Data Memory left Rotate Data Memory left through Carry with result in ACC Rotate Data Memory left through Carry 1 1Note 1 1Note 1 1Note 1 1Note None None C C None None C C Description Cycles Flag Affected
1. For skip instructions, if the result of the comparison involves a skip then two cycles are required, if no skip takes place only one cycle is required. 2. Any instruction which changes the contents of the PCL will also require 2 cycles for execution. 3. For the CLR WDT1 and CLR WDT2 instructions the TO and PDF flags may be affected by the execution status. The TO and PDF flags are cleared after both CLR WDT1 and CLR WDT2 instructions are consecutively executed. Otherwise the TO and PDF flags remain unchanged.
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Instruction Definition
ADC A,[m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) ADCM A,[m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) ADD A,[m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) ADD A,x Description Operation Affected flag(s) ADDM A,[m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) AND A,[m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) AND A,x Description Operation Affected flag(s) ANDM A,[m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) Rev. 1.00 Add Data Memory to ACC with Carry The contents of the specified Data Memory, Accumulator and the carry flag are added. The result is stored in the Accumulator. ACC ACC + [m] + C OV, Z, AC, C Add ACC to Data Memory with Carry The contents of the specified Data Memory, Accumulator and the carry flag are added. The result is stored in the specified Data Memory. [m] ACC + [m] + C OV, Z, AC, C Add Data Memory to ACC The contents of the specified Data Memory and the Accumulator are added. The result is stored in the Accumulator. ACC ACC + [m] OV, Z, AC, C Add immediate data to ACC The contents of the Accumulator and the specified immediate data are added. The result is stored in the Accumulator. ACC ACC + x OV, Z, AC, C Add ACC to Data Memory The contents of the specified Data Memory and the Accumulator are added. The result is stored in the specified Data Memory. [m] ACC + [m] OV, Z, AC, C Logical AND Data Memory to ACC Data in the Accumulator and the specified Data Memory perform a bitwise logical AND operation. The result is stored in the Accumulator. ACC ACC AND [m] Z Logical AND immediate data to ACC Data in the Accumulator and the specified immediate data perform a bitwise logical AND operation. The result is stored in the Accumulator. ACC ACC AND x Z Logical AND ACC to Data Memory Data in the specified Data Memory and the Accumulator perform a bitwise logical AND operation. The result is stored in the Data Memory. [m] ACC AND [m] Z 58 March 17, 2010
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CALL addr Description Subroutine call Unconditionally calls a subroutine at the specified address. The Program Counter then increments by 1 to obtain the address of the next instruction which is then pushed onto the stack. The specified address is then loaded and the program continues execution from this new address. As this instruction requires an additional operation, it is a two cycle instruction. Stack Program Counter + 1 Program Counter addr None Clear Data Memory Each bit of the specified Data Memory is cleared to 0. [m] 00H None Clear bit of Data Memory Bit i of the specified Data Memory is cleared to 0. [m].i 0 None Clear Watchdog Timer The TO, PDF flags and the WDT are all cleared. WDT cleared TO 0 PDF 0 TO, PDF Pre-clear Watchdog Timer The TO, PDF flags and the WDT are all cleared. Note that this instruction works in conjunction with CLR WDT2 and must be executed alternately with CLR WDT2 to have effect. Repetitively executing this instruction without alternately executing CLR WDT2 will have no effect. WDT cleared TO 0 PDF 0 TO, PDF Pre-clear Watchdog Timer The TO, PDF flags and the WDT are all cleared. Note that this instruction works in conjunction with CLR WDT1 and must be executed alternately with CLR WDT1 to have effect. Repetitively executing this instruction without alternately executing CLR WDT1 will have no effect. WDT cleared TO 0 PDF 0 TO, PDF
Operation
Affected flag(s) CLR [m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) CLR [m].i Description Operation Affected flag(s) CLR WDT Description Operation
Affected flag(s) CLR WDT1 Description
Operation
Affected flag(s) CLR WDT2 Description
Operation
Affected flag(s)
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CPL [m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) CPLA [m] Description Complement Data Memory Each bit of the specified Data Memory is logically complemented (1s complement). Bits which previously contained a 1 are changed to 0 and vice versa. [m] [m] Z Complement Data Memory with result in ACC Each bit of the specified Data Memory is logically complemented (1s complement). Bits which previously contained a 1 are changed to 0 and vice versa. The complemented result is stored in the Accumulator and the contents of the Data Memory remain unchanged. ACC [m] Z Decimal-Adjust ACC for addition with result in Data Memory Convert the contents of the Accumulator value to a BCD ( Binary Coded Decimal) value resulting from the previous addition of two BCD variables. If the low nibble is greater than 9 or if AC flag is set, then a value of 6 will be added to the low nibble. Otherwise the low nibble remains unchanged. If the high nibble is greater than 9 or if the C flag is set, then a value of 6 will be added to the high nibble. Essentially, the decimal conversion is performed by adding 00H, 06H, 60H or 66H depending on the Accumulator and flag conditions. Only the C flag may be affected by this instruction which indicates that if the original BCD sum is greater than 100, it allows multiple precision decimal addition. [m] ACC + 00H or [m] ACC + 06H or [m] ACC + 60H or [m] ACC + 66H C Decrement Data Memory Data in the specified Data Memory is decremented by 1. [m] [m] - 1 Z Decrement Data Memory with result in ACC Data in the specified Data Memory is decremented by 1. The result is stored in the Accumulator. The contents of the Data Memory remain unchanged. ACC [m] - 1 Z Enter power down mode This instruction stops the program execution and turns off the system clock. The contents of the Data Memory and registers are retained. The WDT and prescaler are cleared. The power down flag PDF is set and the WDT time-out flag TO is cleared. TO 0 PDF 1 TO, PDF
Operation Affected flag(s) DAA [m] Description
Operation
Affected flag(s) DEC [m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) DECA [m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) HALT Description
Operation
Affected flag(s)
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INC [m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) INCA [m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) JMP addr Description Increment Data Memory Data in the specified Data Memory is incremented by 1. [m] [m] + 1 Z Increment Data Memory with result in ACC Data in the specified Data Memory is incremented by 1. The result is stored in the Accumulator. The contents of the Data Memory remain unchanged. ACC [m] + 1 Z Jump unconditionally The contents of the Program Counter are replaced with the specified address. Program execution then continues from this new address. As this requires the insertion of a dummy instruction while the new address is loaded, it is a two cycle instruction. Program Counter addr None Move Data Memory to ACC The contents of the specified Data Memory are copied to the Accumulator. ACC [m] None Move immediate data to ACC The immediate data specified is loaded into the Accumulator. ACC x None Move ACC to Data Memory The contents of the Accumulator are copied to the specified Data Memory. [m] ACC None No operation No operation is performed. Execution continues with the next instruction. No operation None Logical OR Data Memory to ACC Data in the Accumulator and the specified Data Memory perform a bitwise logical OR operation. The result is stored in the Accumulator. ACC ACC OR [m] Z
Operation Affected flag(s) MOV A,[m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) MOV A,x Description Operation Affected flag(s) MOV [m],A Description Operation Affected flag(s) NOP Description Operation Affected flag(s) OR A,[m] Description Operation Affected flag(s)
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OR A,x Description Operation Affected flag(s) ORM A,[m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) RET Description Operation Affected flag(s) RET A,x Description Operation Logical OR immediate data to ACC Data in the Accumulator and the specified immediate data perform a bitwise logical OR operation. The result is stored in the Accumulator. ACC ACC OR x Z Logical OR ACC to Data Memory Data in the specified Data Memory and the Accumulator perform a bitwise logical OR operation. The result is stored in the Data Memory. [m] ACC OR [m] Z Return from subroutine The Program Counter is restored from the stack. Program execution continues at the restored address. Program Counter Stack None Return from subroutine and load immediate data to ACC The Program Counter is restored from the stack and the Accumulator loaded with the specified immediate data. Program execution continues at the restored address. Program Counter Stack ACC x None Return from interrupt The Program Counter is restored from the stack and the interrupts are re-enabled by setting the EMI bit. EMI is the master interrupt global enable bit. If an interrupt was pending when the RETI instruction is executed, the pending Interrupt routine will be processed before returning to the main program. Program Counter Stack EMI 1 None Rotate Data Memory left The contents of the specified Data Memory are rotated left by 1 bit with bit 7 rotated into bit 0. [m].(i+1) [m].i; (i = 0~6) [m].0 [m].7 None Rotate Data Memory left with result in ACC The contents of the specified Data Memory are rotated left by 1 bit with bit 7 rotated into bit 0. The rotated result is stored in the Accumulator and the contents of the Data Memory remain unchanged. ACC.(i+1) [m].i; (i = 0~6) ACC.0 [m].7 None
Affected flag(s) RETI Description
Operation
Affected flag(s) RL [m] Description Operation
Affected flag(s) RLA [m] Description
Operation
Affected flag(s)
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RLC [m] Description Operation Rotate Data Memory left through Carry The contents of the specified Data Memory and the carry flag are rotated left by 1 bit. Bit 7 replaces the Carry bit and the original carry flag is rotated into bit 0. [m].(i+1) [m].i; (i = 0~6) [m].0 C C [m].7 C Rotate Data Memory left through Carry with result in ACC Data in the specified Data Memory and the carry flag are rotated left by 1 bit. Bit 7 replaces the Carry bit and the original carry flag is rotated into the bit 0. The rotated result is stored in the Accumulator and the contents of the Data Memory remain unchanged. ACC.(i+1) [m].i; (i = 0~6) ACC.0 C C [m].7 C Rotate Data Memory right The contents of the specified Data Memory are rotated right by 1 bit with bit 0 rotated into bit 7. [m].i [m].(i+1); (i = 0~6) [m].7 [m].0 None Rotate Data Memory right with result in ACC Data in the specified Data Memory and the carry flag are rotated right by 1 bit with bit 0 rotated into bit 7. The rotated result is stored in the Accumulator and the contents of the Data Memory remain unchanged. ACC.i [m].(i+1); (i = 0~6) ACC.7 [m].0 None Rotate Data Memory right through Carry The contents of the specified Data Memory and the carry flag are rotated right by 1 bit. Bit 0 replaces the Carry bit and the original carry flag is rotated into bit 7. [m].i [m].(i+1); (i = 0~6) [m].7 C C [m].0 C Rotate Data Memory right through Carry with result in ACC Data in the specified Data Memory and the carry flag are rotated right by 1 bit. Bit 0 replaces the Carry bit and the original carry flag is rotated into bit 7. The rotated result is stored in the Accumulator and the contents of the Data Memory remain unchanged. ACC.i [m].(i+1); (i = 0~6) ACC.7 C C [m].0 C
Affected flag(s) RLCA [m] Description
Operation
Affected flag(s) RR [m] Description Operation
Affected flag(s) RRA [m] Description
Operation
Affected flag(s) RRC [m] Description Operation
Affected flag(s) RRCA [m] Description
Operation
Affected flag(s)
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SBC A,[m] Description Subtract Data Memory from ACC with Carry The contents of the specified Data Memory and the complement of the carry flag are subtracted from the Accumulator. The result is stored in the Accumulator. Note that if the result of subtraction is negative, the C flag will be cleared to 0, otherwise if the result is positive or zero, the C flag will be set to 1. ACC ACC - [m] - C OV, Z, AC, C Subtract Data Memory from ACC with Carry and result in Data Memory The contents of the specified Data Memory and the complement of the carry flag are subtracted from the Accumulator. The result is stored in the Data Memory. Note that if the result of subtraction is negative, the C flag will be cleared to 0, otherwise if the result is positive or zero, the C flag will be set to 1. [m] ACC - [m] - C OV, Z, AC, C Skip if decrement Data Memory is 0 The contents of the specified Data Memory are first decremented by 1. If the result is 0 the following instruction is skipped. As this requires the insertion of a dummy instruction while the next instruction is fetched, it is a two cycle instruction. If the result is not 0 the program proceeds with the following instruction. [m] [m] - 1 Skip if [m] = 0 None Skip if decrement Data Memory is zero with result in ACC The contents of the specified Data Memory are first decremented by 1. If the result is 0, the following instruction is skipped. The result is stored in the Accumulator but the specified Data Memory contents remain unchanged. As this requires the insertion of a dummy instruction while the next instruction is fetched, it is a two cycle instruction. If the result is not 0, the program proceeds with the following instruction. ACC [m] - 1 Skip if ACC = 0 None Set Data Memory Each bit of the specified Data Memory is set to 1. [m] FFH None Set bit of Data Memory Bit i of the specified Data Memory is set to 1. [m].i 1 None
Operation Affected flag(s) SBCM A,[m] Description
Operation Affected flag(s) SDZ [m] Description
Operation Affected flag(s) SDZA [m] Description
Operation
Affected flag(s) SET [m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) SET [m].i Description Operation Affected flag(s)
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SIZ [m] Description Skip if increment Data Memory is 0 The contents of the specified Data Memory are first incremented by 1. If the result is 0, the following instruction is skipped. As this requires the insertion of a dummy instruction while the next instruction is fetched, it is a two cycle instruction. If the result is not 0 the program proceeds with the following instruction. [m] [m] + 1 Skip if [m] = 0 None Skip if increment Data Memory is zero with result in ACC The contents of the specified Data Memory are first incremented by 1. If the result is 0, the following instruction is skipped. The result is stored in the Accumulator but the specified Data Memory contents remain unchanged. As this requires the insertion of a dummy instruction while the next instruction is fetched, it is a two cycle instruction. If the result is not 0 the program proceeds with the following instruction. ACC [m] + 1 Skip if ACC = 0 None Skip if bit i of Data Memory is not 0 If bit i of the specified Data Memory is not 0, the following instruction is skipped. As this requires the insertion of a dummy instruction while the next instruction is fetched, it is a two cycle instruction. If the result is 0 the program proceeds with the following instruction. Skip if [m].i 0 None Subtract Data Memory from ACC The specified Data Memory is subtracted from the contents of the Accumulator. The result is stored in the Accumulator. Note that if the result of subtraction is negative, the C flag will be cleared to 0, otherwise if the result is positive or zero, the C flag will be set to 1. ACC ACC - [m] OV, Z, AC, C Subtract Data Memory from ACC with result in Data Memory The specified Data Memory is subtracted from the contents of the Accumulator. The result is stored in the Data Memory. Note that if the result of subtraction is negative, the C flag will be cleared to 0, otherwise if the result is positive or zero, the C flag will be set to 1. [m] ACC - [m] OV, Z, AC, C Subtract immediate data from ACC The immediate data specified by the code is subtracted from the contents of the Accumulator. The result is stored in the Accumulator. Note that if the result of subtraction is negative, the C flag will be cleared to 0, otherwise if the result is positive or zero, the C flag will be set to 1. ACC ACC - x OV, Z, AC, C
Operation Affected flag(s) SIZA [m] Description
Operation Affected flag(s) SNZ [m].i Description
Operation Affected flag(s) SUB A,[m] Description
Operation Affected flag(s) SUBM A,[m] Description
Operation Affected flag(s) SUB A,x Description
Operation Affected flag(s)
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SWAP [m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) SWAPA [m] Description Operation Swap nibbles of Data Memory The low-order and high-order nibbles of the specified Data Memory are interchanged. [m].3~[m].0 [m].7 ~ [m].4 None Swap nibbles of Data Memory with result in ACC The low-order and high-order nibbles of the specified Data Memory are interchanged. The result is stored in the Accumulator. The contents of the Data Memory remain unchanged. ACC.3 ~ ACC.0 [m].7 ~ [m].4 ACC.7 ~ ACC.4 [m].3 ~ [m].0 None Skip if Data Memory is 0 If the contents of the specified Data Memory is 0, the following instruction is skipped. As this requires the insertion of a dummy instruction while the next instruction is fetched, it is a two cycle instruction. If the result is not 0 the program proceeds with the following instruction. Skip if [m] = 0 None Skip if Data Memory is 0 with data movement to ACC The contents of the specified Data Memory are copied to the Accumulator. If the value is zero, the following instruction is skipped. As this requires the insertion of a dummy instruction while the next instruction is fetched, it is a two cycle instruction. If the result is not 0 the program proceeds with the following instruction. ACC [m] Skip if [m] = 0 None Skip if bit i of Data Memory is 0 If bit i of the specified Data Memory is 0, the following instruction is skipped. As this requires the insertion of a dummy instruction while the next instruction is fetched, it is a two cycle instruction. If the result is not 0, the program proceeds with the following instruction. Skip if [m].i = 0 None Read table (current page) to TBLH and Data Memory The low byte of the program code (current page) addressed by the table pointer (TBLP) is moved to the specified Data Memory and the high byte moved to TBLH. [m] program code (low byte) TBLH program code (high byte) None Read table (last page) to TBLH and Data Memory The low byte of the program code (last page) addressed by the table pointer (TBLP) is moved to the specified Data Memory and the high byte moved to TBLH. [m] program code (low byte) TBLH program code (high byte) None
Affected flag(s) SZ [m] Description
Operation Affected flag(s) SZA [m] Description
Operation Affected flag(s) SZ [m].i Description
Operation Affected flag(s) TABRDC [m] Description Operation
Affected flag(s) TABRDL [m] Description Operation
Affected flag(s)
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XOR A,[m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) XORM A,[m] Description Operation Affected flag(s) XOR A,x Description Operation Affected flag(s) Logical XOR Data Memory to ACC Data in the Accumulator and the specified Data Memory perform a bitwise logical XOR operation. The result is stored in the Accumulator. ACC ACC XOR [m] Z Logical XOR ACC to Data Memory Data in the specified Data Memory and the Accumulator perform a bitwise logical XOR operation. The result is stored in the Data Memory. [m] ACC XOR [m] Z Logical XOR immediate data to ACC Data in the Accumulator and the specified immediate data perform a bitwise logical XOR operation. The result is stored in the Accumulator. ACC ACC XOR x Z
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Package Information
20-pin SOP (300mil) Outline Dimensions
20
A
11
B
1
C C'
10
G H
D E F
a
* MS-013
Symbol A B C C D E F G H a Symbol A B C C D E F G H a
Dimensions in inch Min. 0.393 0.256 0.012 0.496 3/4 3/4 0.004 0.016 0.008 0 Nom. 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 0.050 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 Dimensions in mm Min. 9.98 6.50 0.30 12.60 3/4 3/4 0.10 0.41 0.20 0 Nom. 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 1.27 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 Max. 10.64 7.62 0.51 13.00 2.64 3/4 0.30 1.27 0.33 8 Max. 0.419 0.300 0.020 0.512 0.104 3/4 0.012 0.050 0.013 8
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24-pin SOP (300mil) Outline Dimensions
24 A
13 B
1
12
C C' G H D E F
a
* MS-013
Symbol A B C C D E F G H a Symbol A B C C D E F G H a
Dimensions in inch Min. 0.393 0.256 0.012 0.598 3/4 3/4 0.004 0.016 0.008 0 Nom. 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 0.050 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 Dimensions in mm Min. 9.98 6.50 0.30 15.19 3/4 3/4 0.10 0.41 0.20 0 Nom. 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 1.27 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 Max. 10.64 7.62 0.51 15.57 2.64 3/4 0.30 1.27 0.33 8 Max. 0.419 0.300 0.020 0.613 0.104 3/4 0.012 0.050 0.013 8
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Product Tape and Reel Specifications
Reel Dimensions
T2 D
A
B
C
T1
SOP 20W, SOP 24W (300mil) Symbol A B C D T1 T2 Description Reel Outer Diameter Reel Inner Diameter Spindle Hole Diameter Key Slit Width Space Between Flange Reel Thickness Dimensions in mm 330.01.0 100.01.5 13.0
+0.5/-0.2
2.00.5 24.8
+0.3/-0.2
30.20.2
Rev. 1.00
70
March 17, 2010
HT45R22E
Carrier Tape Dimensions
D
E F W C
P0
P1
t
B0
D1
P A0
K0
R e e l H o le IC p a c k a g e p in 1 a n d th e r e e l h o le s a r e lo c a te d o n th e s a m e s id e .
SOP 20W Symbol W P E F D D1 P0 P1 A0 B0 K0 t C SOP 24W Symbol W P E F D D1 P0 P1 A0 B0 K0 t C Description Carrier Tape Width Cavity Pitch Perforation Position Cavity to Perforation (Width Direction) Perforation Diameter Cavity Hole Diameter Perforation Pitch Cavity to Perforation (Length Direction) Cavity Length Cavity Width Cavity Depth Carrier Tape Thickness Cover Tape Width Dimensions in mm 24.00.3 12.00.1 1.750.1 11.50.1 1.55 1.50
+0.10/-0.00 +0.25/-0.00
Description Carrier Tape Width Cavity Pitch Perforation Position Cavity to Perforation (Width Direction) Perforation Diameter Cavity Hole Diameter Perforation Pitch Cavity to Perforation (Length Direction) Cavity Length Cavity Width Cavity Depth Carrier Tape Thickness Cover Tape Width
Dimensions in mm 24.0
+0.3/-0.1
12.00.1 1.750.10 11.50.1 1.5 1.50
+0.1/-0.0 +0.25/-0.00
4.00.1 2.00.1 10.80.1 13.30.1 3.20.1 0.300.05 21.30.1
4.00.1 2.00.1 10.90.1 15.90.1 3.10.1 0.350.05 21.30.1
Rev. 1.00
71
March 17, 2010
HT45R22E
Holtek Semiconductor Inc. (Headquarters) No.3, Creation Rd. II, Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan Tel: 886-3-563-1999 Fax: 886-3-563-1189 http://www.holtek.com.tw Holtek Semiconductor Inc. (Taipei Sales Office) 4F-2, No. 3-2, YuanQu St., Nankang Software Park, Taipei 115, Taiwan Tel: 886-2-2655-7070 Fax: 886-2-2655-7373 Fax: 886-2-2655-7383 (International sales hotline) Holtek Semiconductor Inc. (Shenzhen Sales Office) 5F, Unit A, Productivity Building, No.5 Gaoxin M 2nd Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China 518057 Tel: 86-755-8616-9908, 86-755-8616-9308 Fax: 86-755-8616-9722 Holtek Semiconductor (USA), Inc. (North America Sales Office) 46729 Fremont Blvd., Fremont, CA 94538, USA Tel: 1-510-252-9880 Fax: 1-510-252-9885 http://www.holtek.com
Copyright O 2010 by HOLTEK SEMICONDUCTOR INC. The information appearing in this Data Sheet is believed to be accurate at the time of publication. However, Holtek assumes no responsibility arising from the use of the specifications described. The applications mentioned herein are used solely for the purpose of illustration and Holtek makes no warranty or representation that such applications will be suitable without further modification, nor recommends the use of its products for application that may presenFebruary 26, 2010t a risk to human life due to malfunction or otherwise. Holteks products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems. Holtek reserves the right to alter its products without prior notification. For the most up-to-date information, please visit our web site at http://www.holtek.com.tw.
Rev. 1.00
72
March 17, 2010

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